Exam Two Flashcards
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
- arteries become smaller as they branch
arteries > arterioles > capillary
veins
return blood to the heart
capillaries > venules > veins
deep veins and superficial veins
anastomosis
a convergence of two or more vessels
- veins anastomose with each other more than arteries do
companion vessels
arteries and veins that lie next to each other
ex: brachial artery / brachial vein
systemic circulations
extends to all body regions
systematic vessels (arteries and veins)
- aorta and branches
- superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
pulmonary circulations
vessels to and from the lungs
- pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins
where do pulmonary arteries travel to
the lungs (deoxygenated blood)
where do pulmonary veins travel to
the heart ( oxygenated blood)
what three layers do arteries and veins have
tunica intima (deepest)
tunica media
tunica externa or tunica adventitia (most superficial)
how many layers does the capillary walls contain
one layer
what is the name of the layer in the capillary walls
endothelium
what does the endothelium allow for
allows rapid exchange of nutrients and gases
tunica intima consists of
endothelium lining
subendothelial layer
tunica media consists of
smooth muscle - vasoconstriction
tunica externa or tunica adventitia consists of
CT that anchors vessels to surroundings
large blood vessels require vasa vasorum
what are the three kinds of arteries
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles
in arteries as the diameter decreases
theres a decrease in the amount of elastic fibers and an increase in smooth muscle
what do elastic arteries branch into
muscular arteries
what are elastic arteries also known as
conducting arteries ( largest arteries)
what do elastic fibers in the elastic arteries allow for
stretch when heart pumps blood to them
what are some examples of elastic arteries
aorta, pulmonary trunk. pulmonary arteries, etc
what do muscular arteries branch into
arterioles
what are some examples of muscular arteries
brachial arteries, radial arteries, femoral arteries, etc
what are muscular arteries also known as
distributing arteries ( medium sized)
muscular arteries possess elastic fibers into what two concentric rings
internal elastic lamina
external elastic lamina
arteriole vasoconstriction
decreased blood flow into capillaries
increases blood pressure
arteriole vasodilation
increased blood flow into capillaries
what is the purpose of capillaries
to connect arterioles to venules
continuous capillaries
complete lining, most common type
ex: muscle , brain
fenestrated capillaries
endothelial cells contain pores, allowing exchange between blood and interstitial tissue
ex: in the small intestine, kidney
sinusoid capillaries
contain large gaps between endothelial cells and a discontinuous basement membrane , allow transport of large molecules and cells to and from blood
ex: liver
what are venules
the smallest veins, are companion vessels with arterioles
venules merge to form veins
what is the purpose of veins
veins drain capillaries and return blood to the heart
pressure in veins is much lower than in arteries
what is the blood pressure like in veins
it’s low
- veins contain valves to prevent pooling
- valves are formed from tunica intima
what is the venous return assisted by
respiratory pump
- involves changes in intrathoracic and intra abdominal pressure
what do large veins travel with
elastic arteries
what do lymph vessels return
fluid to the venous circulation
if not removed, would accumulate and cause edema
what is the purpose of lymphatic vessels
transport fluids and help fight infections
transports dietary lipids through lacteals
aid in the production and maturation of lymphocytes
generates an immune response against antigens
what is a lymphatic capillary
closed-ended tubes interspersed among most blood capillary beds
whats the purpose of lymph and lymph vessels
transport lymph through progressively larger vessels
lymphatic capillaries > lymphatic vessels > lymphatic trunks > lymphatic ducts
what do lymphatic capillaries merge to form
lymphatic vessels
afferent lymphatic vessels
bring lymph to a lymph node
efferent lymphatic vessels
transport filtered lymph away from the lymph node
jugular trunks
head and neck
subclavian trunks
upper limbs, breasts and superficial thoracic wall
bronchiomediastinal trunk
deep thoracic structures
intestinal trunks
most abdominal structures
lumbar trunks
lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall and pelvic organs
what is the largest lymphatic vessel
thoracic duct
what does the right lymphatic duct do
returns lymph from the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb and the right side of the thorax
what does the thoracic duct do
collects lymph from most of the body
passes through the diaphragm aortic opening and returns lymph into the junction between the left subclavian and internal jugular veins
what are the three types of lymphocytes
t-lymphocytes ( T cells)
b-lymphocytes ( B cells)
natural killer ( NK cells)
what is the purpose of all three types of lymphocytes
to migrate through the lymphatic system and search for harmful antigens
which lymphocyte makes up 70-85 percent of the body lymphocytes
T cells
what are the two types of T cells
helper t-lymphocytes
cytotoxic t-lymphocytes
what do helper t cells do
oversee immune response
present antigens to other lymphatic cells
secrete cytokines - molecules that activate other lymphatic cells
what do cytotoxic t cells do
respond to one type of antigen only, must be activated by a helper t cell
memory t cell
mount rapid response to previously encountered antigen
regulatory t cell
suppress immune responses
which lymphocyte makes up 15-30 percent of the body lymphocytes
b cells
what are b cells activated by
t cells
what do most activated b cells become
plasma cells which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies
what do a few activated b cells become
memory b cells and confer immunity to certain antigens for many years or a lifetime
what are natural killer cells also called
larger granular lymphocytes
what are NK cells capable of
unlike t and b cells, NK cells can kill a variety of infected cells and some cancerous cells
lymphoid nodules
clusters of lymphoid cells with some extracellular matrix but without a connective tissue capsule
what is the center of a nodule called
germinal center
- contains proliferating b cells and macrophages
what is the purpose of a lymphoid nodule
to filter and attack antigens
what cell is located outside the germinal center
t cell
MALT
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
what is a MALT
consists of lymphoid nodules within the mucosa of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts
these nodules monitor and respond to antigens that may enter these tracts
tonsils
large clusters of lymphoid cells and matrix located mainly in the pharynx
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
in the posterosuperior wall of the nasopharynx
palatine tonsils
in the posterolateral wall of the oral cavity
lingual tonsils
along the posterior one third of the tongue
what are the main lymphoid organs
thymus, lymph nodes, spleen
what is the action of the triceps brachii long head
extends arm, adducts arm
what are the attachments of the triceps brachii long head
P: scapula
D: olecranon of ulna
what is the action of the biceps brachii long head
flexes arm
what are the attachments of the biceps brachii long head
P: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
D: radial tuberosity of radius
what is the action of the subscapularis
medially rotates arm
what is the action of the supraspinatus
abducts arm
what is the action of the infraspinatus
adducts and laterally rotates arm
what is the action of the teres minor
adducts and laterally rotates arm
what are the attachments of the biceps brachii short head
P: coracoid process of scapula
D: radial tuberosity
what are the actions of the biceps brachii short head
supinates forearm , flexes forearm
what is the action of the brachialis
primary flexor for forearm
what is the action of the brachioradialis
flexes forearm
what are the action of the tricep brachii medial head
extends forearm
what are the action of the tricep brachii lateral head
extends forearm
what are the attachment of the tricep brachii lateral head
P: humerus
D: olecranon of ulna
superficial anterior compartment
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor carpi ulnaris
intermediate anterior compartment
flexor digitorum superficialis
deep anterior compartment
flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum profundus
superficial posterior compartment
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor digitorium
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
deep posterior compartment
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
extensor indicis
what is the action of the flexor carpi radialis
flexes wrist, abducts hand
what is the action of the palmaris longus
weak wrist flexor
what is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris
flexes wrist and adducts hand
what is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis
flexes wrist and flexes 2nd-5th MP and PIP joints
what is the actions of the flexor pollicus longus
flexes MP joint of thumb, flexes IP joint of thumb, weakly flexes wrist
what is the action of the flexor digitorum profundus
flexes wrist, 2nd-5th MP, PIP, and DIP joints
what is the action of the extensor carpi radialis longus
extends wrist and abducts wrist
what is the action of the extensor carpi radialis brevis
extends wrist and abducts hand
what is the action of extensor digitorum
extends wrist, extends 2nd-5th MP, PIP, and DIP joints
what is the action of extensor digiti minimi
extends wrist, extends MP, and PIP joints of finger 5
what is the action of extensor carpi ulnaris
extends wrist and adducts hand
what is the action of adductor pollicis longus
abducts thumb, weakly extends wrist
what is the action of extensor pollicis brevis
extends MP joint of thumb, weakly extends wrist
what is the action of extensor pollicis longus
extends MP and IP joints of thumb , weakly extends wrist
what is the action of extensor indicis
extends MP, PIP, and DIP joints of finger 2
weakly extends wrist
what muscles are in the thenar group
flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollcis brevis and opponens pollicis
what muscles are apart of the hypothenar group
flexor digiti minimi , abductor digiti minimi, and opponens digiti minimi
what is the action of the flexor pollicis brevis
flex thumb
what is the action of the abductor pollicis brevis
abducts thumb
what is the action of the opponens pollicis
opposition of thumb
what is the action of flexor digiti minimi brevis
flexes finger 5
what is the action of abductor digiti minimi
abducts finger 5
what is the action of opponenes digiti minimi
opposition of finger 5
what is the thymus
a bilobed organ located superficial to the heart
what are the lymph node clusters
axillary lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes, cervical lymph nodes
what are lymph nodes primary function
filter antigens from the lymph and initiate an immune response
what vessels deliver lymph to the node
afferent vessels
in the spleen, what is the white pulp associated with
arterial supply and consists of clusters of t cells and be cells
what is at the center of each cluster
central artery
in the spleen, what is the red pulp associated with
venous supply and consists of splenic cords and splenic sinusoids which contain erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and some plasma cells
what are the functions of the spleen
- initiates immune response when antigens are found in the blood
- serves as a reservoir for erythrocytes and platelets
- phagocytizes old, defective erythrocytes and platelets
- phagocytizes bacteria and other foreign materials
acromioclavicular
acromial end of clavicle to acromion of scapula
synovial (plane) joint
assists in giving upper limb a full range of movement
glenohumeral joint
synovial - ball and socket
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, lateral rotation, and medial rotation of the arm
acromioclavicular
ligaments - joint stability
acromioclavicular
coracoclavicular
ligaments
not much stability provided; mostly from rotator cuff muscles
- coracoacromial
- coracohumeral
- glenohumeral
glenoid labrum
covers surface of glenoid cavity
humeroulnar
trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
synovial - hinge
flexion and extension of forearm
humeroradial
capitulum of the humerus and head of the radius
synovial - hinge (uniaxial)
flexion and extension of forearm
radiocarpal joint
distal end of radius; lunate, scaphoid and triquetrum
synovial - condylar (biaxial)
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction of wrist
ligaments in the elbow
radial collateral
ulnar collateral
annular
intercarpal joints
adjacent bones in proximal and distal rows of carpal bones; adjacent bones between proximal and distal rows
synovial - plane (uniaxial)
- gliding
carpometacarpal joints
thumb: trapezium and first metacarpal
- synovial : saddle (biaxial)
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and opposition
metacarpophalangeal joints
heads of metacarpals and bases of proximal phalanges
synovial: condylar (biaxial)
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction of phalanges
interphalangeal joints
heads of proximal and middle phalanges with bases of middle and distal phalanges
synovial - hinge (uniaxial)
flexion and extension of phalanges
muscles that move the pectoral girdle
attach axial skeleton to scapula and clavicle
stabilize the scapula and move it to increase the arms angle of movements
classified as anterior or posterior thoracic muscles
action of the pectoralis minor
protracts and depresses scapula
actions of the serratus anterior
agonist of protraction, superior rotation of scapula, stabilizes scapula
action of the levator scapulae
elevates scapula, inferiorly rotates
action of the rhomboid major
elevates and rotates
action of the rhomboid minor
elevates, retracts, inferiorly rotates
action of the trapezius
superior fibers
- elevates and superiorly rotates
middle fibers
- retracts scapula
inferior fibers
- depress scapula
action of the latissimus dorsi
agonist of arm extension, adducts arm, medially rotates arm
action of the pectoralis major
agonist of arm flexion, adducts arm, medially rotates arm
action of the deltoid
anterior fibers
- flex and medially rotates arm
middle fibers
- agonist of arm abduction
posterior fibers
- extend and laterally rotate arm
action of coracobrachialis
adducts arm, flexes arm
action of the teres major
extends arm, adducts arm, medially rotates arm
