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Human Anatomy Fall 2023 > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart
- arteries become smaller as they branch
arteries > arterioles > capillary

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2
Q

veins

A

return blood to the heart
capillaries > venules > veins
deep veins and superficial veins

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3
Q

anastomosis

A

a convergence of two or more vessels
- veins anastomose with each other more than arteries do

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4
Q

companion vessels

A

arteries and veins that lie next to each other
ex: brachial artery / brachial vein

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5
Q

systemic circulations

A

extends to all body regions
systematic vessels (arteries and veins)
- aorta and branches
- superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

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6
Q

pulmonary circulations

A

vessels to and from the lungs
- pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins

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7
Q

where do pulmonary arteries travel to

A

the lungs (deoxygenated blood)

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8
Q

where do pulmonary veins travel to

A

the heart ( oxygenated blood)

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9
Q

what three layers do arteries and veins have

A

tunica intima (deepest)
tunica media
tunica externa or tunica adventitia (most superficial)

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10
Q

how many layers does the capillary walls contain

A

one layer

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11
Q

what is the name of the layer in the capillary walls

A

endothelium

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12
Q

what does the endothelium allow for

A

allows rapid exchange of nutrients and gases

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13
Q

tunica intima consists of

A

endothelium lining
subendothelial layer

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14
Q

tunica media consists of

A

smooth muscle - vasoconstriction

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15
Q

tunica externa or tunica adventitia consists of

A

CT that anchors vessels to surroundings
large blood vessels require vasa vasorum

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16
Q

what are the three kinds of arteries

A

elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles

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17
Q

in arteries as the diameter decreases

A

theres a decrease in the amount of elastic fibers and an increase in smooth muscle

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18
Q

what do elastic arteries branch into

A

muscular arteries

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19
Q

what are elastic arteries also known as

A

conducting arteries ( largest arteries)

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20
Q

what do elastic fibers in the elastic arteries allow for

A

stretch when heart pumps blood to them

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21
Q

what are some examples of elastic arteries

A

aorta, pulmonary trunk. pulmonary arteries, etc

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22
Q

what do muscular arteries branch into

A

arterioles

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23
Q

what are some examples of muscular arteries

A

brachial arteries, radial arteries, femoral arteries, etc

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24
Q

what are muscular arteries also known as

A

distributing arteries ( medium sized)

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25
Q

muscular arteries possess elastic fibers into what two concentric rings

A

internal elastic lamina
external elastic lamina

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26
Q

arteriole vasoconstriction

A

decreased blood flow into capillaries
increases blood pressure

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27
Q

arteriole vasodilation

A

increased blood flow into capillaries

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28
Q

what is the purpose of capillaries

A

to connect arterioles to venules

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29
Q

continuous capillaries

A

complete lining, most common type
ex: muscle , brain

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30
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

endothelial cells contain pores, allowing exchange between blood and interstitial tissue
ex: in the small intestine, kidney

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31
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A

contain large gaps between endothelial cells and a discontinuous basement membrane , allow transport of large molecules and cells to and from blood
ex: liver

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32
Q

what are venules

A

the smallest veins, are companion vessels with arterioles
venules merge to form veins

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33
Q

what is the purpose of veins

A

veins drain capillaries and return blood to the heart
pressure in veins is much lower than in arteries

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34
Q

what is the blood pressure like in veins

A

it’s low
- veins contain valves to prevent pooling
- valves are formed from tunica intima

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35
Q

what is the venous return assisted by

A

respiratory pump
- involves changes in intrathoracic and intra abdominal pressure

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36
Q

what do large veins travel with

A

elastic arteries

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37
Q

what do lymph vessels return

A

fluid to the venous circulation
if not removed, would accumulate and cause edema

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38
Q

what is the purpose of lymphatic vessels

A

transport fluids and help fight infections
transports dietary lipids through lacteals
aid in the production and maturation of lymphocytes
generates an immune response against antigens

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39
Q

what is a lymphatic capillary

A

closed-ended tubes interspersed among most blood capillary beds

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40
Q

whats the purpose of lymph and lymph vessels

A

transport lymph through progressively larger vessels
lymphatic capillaries > lymphatic vessels > lymphatic trunks > lymphatic ducts

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41
Q

what do lymphatic capillaries merge to form

A

lymphatic vessels

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42
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels

A

bring lymph to a lymph node

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43
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels

A

transport filtered lymph away from the lymph node

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44
Q

jugular trunks

A

head and neck

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45
Q

subclavian trunks

A

upper limbs, breasts and superficial thoracic wall

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46
Q

bronchiomediastinal trunk

A

deep thoracic structures

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47
Q

intestinal trunks

A

most abdominal structures

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48
Q

lumbar trunks

A

lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall and pelvic organs

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49
Q

what is the largest lymphatic vessel

A

thoracic duct

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50
Q

what does the right lymphatic duct do

A

returns lymph from the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb and the right side of the thorax

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51
Q

what does the thoracic duct do

A

collects lymph from most of the body
passes through the diaphragm aortic opening and returns lymph into the junction between the left subclavian and internal jugular veins

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52
Q

what are the three types of lymphocytes

A

t-lymphocytes ( T cells)
b-lymphocytes ( B cells)
natural killer ( NK cells)

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53
Q

what is the purpose of all three types of lymphocytes

A

to migrate through the lymphatic system and search for harmful antigens

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54
Q

which lymphocyte makes up 70-85 percent of the body lymphocytes

A

T cells

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55
Q

what are the two types of T cells

A

helper t-lymphocytes
cytotoxic t-lymphocytes

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56
Q

what do helper t cells do

A

oversee immune response
present antigens to other lymphatic cells
secrete cytokines - molecules that activate other lymphatic cells

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57
Q

what do cytotoxic t cells do

A

respond to one type of antigen only, must be activated by a helper t cell

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58
Q

memory t cell

A

mount rapid response to previously encountered antigen

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59
Q

regulatory t cell

A

suppress immune responses

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60
Q

which lymphocyte makes up 15-30 percent of the body lymphocytes

A

b cells

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61
Q

what are b cells activated by

A

t cells

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62
Q

what do most activated b cells become

A

plasma cells which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies

63
Q

what do a few activated b cells become

A

memory b cells and confer immunity to certain antigens for many years or a lifetime

64
Q

what are natural killer cells also called

A

larger granular lymphocytes

65
Q

what are NK cells capable of

A

unlike t and b cells, NK cells can kill a variety of infected cells and some cancerous cells

66
Q

lymphoid nodules

A

clusters of lymphoid cells with some extracellular matrix but without a connective tissue capsule

67
Q

what is the center of a nodule called

A

germinal center
- contains proliferating b cells and macrophages

68
Q

what is the purpose of a lymphoid nodule

A

to filter and attack antigens

69
Q

what cell is located outside the germinal center

A

t cell

70
Q

MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

71
Q

what is a MALT

A

consists of lymphoid nodules within the mucosa of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts
these nodules monitor and respond to antigens that may enter these tracts

72
Q

tonsils

A

large clusters of lymphoid cells and matrix located mainly in the pharynx

73
Q

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

A

in the posterosuperior wall of the nasopharynx

74
Q

palatine tonsils

A

in the posterolateral wall of the oral cavity

75
Q

lingual tonsils

A

along the posterior one third of the tongue

76
Q

what are the main lymphoid organs

A

thymus, lymph nodes, spleen

77
Q

what is the action of the triceps brachii long head

A

extends arm, adducts arm

78
Q

what are the attachments of the triceps brachii long head

A

P: scapula
D: olecranon of ulna

79
Q

what is the action of the biceps brachii long head

A

flexes arm

80
Q

what are the attachments of the biceps brachii long head

A

P: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
D: radial tuberosity of radius

81
Q

what is the action of the subscapularis

A

medially rotates arm

82
Q

what is the action of the supraspinatus

A

abducts arm

83
Q

what is the action of the infraspinatus

A

adducts and laterally rotates arm

84
Q

what is the action of the teres minor

A

adducts and laterally rotates arm

85
Q

what are the attachments of the biceps brachii short head

A

P: coracoid process of scapula
D: radial tuberosity

86
Q

what are the actions of the biceps brachii short head

A

supinates forearm , flexes forearm

87
Q

what is the action of the brachialis

A

primary flexor for forearm

88
Q

what is the action of the brachioradialis

A

flexes forearm

89
Q

what are the action of the tricep brachii medial head

A

extends forearm

90
Q

what are the action of the tricep brachii lateral head

A

extends forearm

91
Q

what are the attachment of the tricep brachii lateral head

A

P: humerus
D: olecranon of ulna

92
Q

superficial anterior compartment

A

flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor carpi ulnaris

93
Q

intermediate anterior compartment

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

94
Q

deep anterior compartment

A

flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum profundus

95
Q

superficial posterior compartment

A

extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor digitorium
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris

96
Q

deep posterior compartment

A

abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
extensor indicis

97
Q

what is the action of the flexor carpi radialis

A

flexes wrist, abducts hand

98
Q

what is the action of the palmaris longus

A

weak wrist flexor

99
Q

what is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris

A

flexes wrist and adducts hand

100
Q

what is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis

A

flexes wrist and flexes 2nd-5th MP and PIP joints

101
Q

what is the actions of the flexor pollicus longus

A

flexes MP joint of thumb, flexes IP joint of thumb, weakly flexes wrist

102
Q

what is the action of the flexor digitorum profundus

A

flexes wrist, 2nd-5th MP, PIP, and DIP joints

103
Q

what is the action of the extensor carpi radialis longus

A

extends wrist and abducts wrist

104
Q

what is the action of the extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

extends wrist and abducts hand

105
Q

what is the action of extensor digitorum

A

extends wrist, extends 2nd-5th MP, PIP, and DIP joints

106
Q

what is the action of extensor digiti minimi

A

extends wrist, extends MP, and PIP joints of finger 5

107
Q

what is the action of extensor carpi ulnaris

A

extends wrist and adducts hand

108
Q

what is the action of adductor pollicis longus

A

abducts thumb, weakly extends wrist

109
Q

what is the action of extensor pollicis brevis

A

extends MP joint of thumb, weakly extends wrist

110
Q

what is the action of extensor pollicis longus

A

extends MP and IP joints of thumb , weakly extends wrist

111
Q

what is the action of extensor indicis

A

extends MP, PIP, and DIP joints of finger 2
weakly extends wrist

112
Q

what muscles are in the thenar group

A

flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollcis brevis and opponens pollicis

113
Q

what muscles are apart of the hypothenar group

A

flexor digiti minimi , abductor digiti minimi, and opponens digiti minimi

114
Q

what is the action of the flexor pollicis brevis

A

flex thumb

115
Q

what is the action of the abductor pollicis brevis

A

abducts thumb

116
Q

what is the action of the opponens pollicis

A

opposition of thumb

117
Q

what is the action of flexor digiti minimi brevis

A

flexes finger 5

118
Q

what is the action of abductor digiti minimi

A

abducts finger 5

119
Q

what is the action of opponenes digiti minimi

A

opposition of finger 5

120
Q

what is the thymus

A

a bilobed organ located superficial to the heart

121
Q

what are the lymph node clusters

A

axillary lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes, cervical lymph nodes

122
Q

what are lymph nodes primary function

A

filter antigens from the lymph and initiate an immune response

123
Q

what vessels deliver lymph to the node

A

afferent vessels

124
Q

in the spleen, what is the white pulp associated with

A

arterial supply and consists of clusters of t cells and be cells

125
Q

what is at the center of each cluster

A

central artery

126
Q

in the spleen, what is the red pulp associated with

A

venous supply and consists of splenic cords and splenic sinusoids which contain erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and some plasma cells

127
Q

what are the functions of the spleen

A
  • initiates immune response when antigens are found in the blood
  • serves as a reservoir for erythrocytes and platelets
  • phagocytizes old, defective erythrocytes and platelets
  • phagocytizes bacteria and other foreign materials
128
Q

acromioclavicular

A

acromial end of clavicle to acromion of scapula
synovial (plane) joint
assists in giving upper limb a full range of movement

129
Q

glenohumeral joint

A

synovial - ball and socket
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, lateral rotation, and medial rotation of the arm

129
Q

acromioclavicular

A

ligaments - joint stability
acromioclavicular
coracoclavicular

130
Q

ligaments

A

not much stability provided; mostly from rotator cuff muscles
- coracoacromial
- coracohumeral
- glenohumeral

130
Q

glenoid labrum

A

covers surface of glenoid cavity

131
Q

humeroulnar

A

trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
synovial - hinge
flexion and extension of forearm

132
Q

humeroradial

A

capitulum of the humerus and head of the radius
synovial - hinge (uniaxial)
flexion and extension of forearm

133
Q

radiocarpal joint

A

distal end of radius; lunate, scaphoid and triquetrum
synovial - condylar (biaxial)
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction of wrist

133
Q

ligaments in the elbow

A

radial collateral
ulnar collateral
annular

134
Q

intercarpal joints

A

adjacent bones in proximal and distal rows of carpal bones; adjacent bones between proximal and distal rows
synovial - plane (uniaxial)
- gliding

135
Q

carpometacarpal joints

A

thumb: trapezium and first metacarpal
- synovial : saddle (biaxial)
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and opposition

136
Q

metacarpophalangeal joints

A

heads of metacarpals and bases of proximal phalanges
synovial: condylar (biaxial)
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction of phalanges

137
Q

interphalangeal joints

A

heads of proximal and middle phalanges with bases of middle and distal phalanges
synovial - hinge (uniaxial)
flexion and extension of phalanges

138
Q

muscles that move the pectoral girdle

A

attach axial skeleton to scapula and clavicle
stabilize the scapula and move it to increase the arms angle of movements
classified as anterior or posterior thoracic muscles

139
Q

action of the pectoralis minor

A

protracts and depresses scapula

140
Q

actions of the serratus anterior

A

agonist of protraction, superior rotation of scapula, stabilizes scapula

141
Q

action of the levator scapulae

A

elevates scapula, inferiorly rotates

142
Q

action of the rhomboid major

A

elevates and rotates

142
Q

action of the rhomboid minor

A

elevates, retracts, inferiorly rotates

143
Q

action of the trapezius

A

superior fibers
- elevates and superiorly rotates
middle fibers
- retracts scapula
inferior fibers
- depress scapula

144
Q

action of the latissimus dorsi

A

agonist of arm extension, adducts arm, medially rotates arm

145
Q

action of the pectoralis major

A

agonist of arm flexion, adducts arm, medially rotates arm

146
Q

action of the deltoid

A

anterior fibers
- flex and medially rotates arm
middle fibers
- agonist of arm abduction
posterior fibers
- extend and laterally rotate arm

147
Q

action of coracobrachialis

A

adducts arm, flexes arm

148
Q

action of the teres major

A

extends arm, adducts arm, medially rotates arm

149
Q
A

Human Anatomy Fall 2023 (6 decks)

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