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Human Anatomy Fall 2023 > Exam Three > Flashcards

Exam Three Flashcards

1
Q

name the cranial sutures and their locations

A

coronal: frontal and parietal
sagittal: parietal and parietal
lambdoid: parietal and occipital
squamous: parietal with temporal

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2
Q

name the cranial fossae and which part of the brain each one is located in

A

posterior cranial fossa: back of the skull
middle cranial fossa: above the zygomatic arch
anterior cranial fossa: behind the eye

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3
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies within PNS

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4
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons within PNS

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5
Q

nerve plexus

A

network of nerves within PNS

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6
Q

nuclei

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies within CNS

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7
Q

tract

A

bundle of axons within CNS

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8
Q

funiculus

A

group of tracts in a specific area of the spinal cord

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9
Q

pathway

A

centers and tracts that connect the CNS with body organs and systems

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10
Q

peduncle

A

stalk-like structure connecting two regions of the brain

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11
Q

define grey matter and its location

A

definition: motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, terminal arborizations, and unmyelinated axons. it forms deep clusters of neuronal cell bodies called cerebral nuclei
location: cortex

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12
Q

define white matter and its location

A

definition: myelinated axons
location: deep to cortex

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13
Q

frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex: controls skeletal muscle movement, located in precentral gyrus
functions: voluntary muscle movement, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning and personality

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14
Q

parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex: receives somatic sensory information from touch, pain, pressure, and temperature receptors; located in postcentral gyrus
function: general sensory functions

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15
Q

temporal lobe

A

primary auditory cortex: hearing
primary olfactory cortex: smell
function: involved with hearing and smell

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16
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex: vision
function: processes incoming visual information and stores visual memories

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17
Q

insula lobe

A

primary gustatory cortex: taste
function: involved in emotional responses, empathy and taste

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18
Q

name the sulci and fissures

A

central sulcus: separates frontal and parietal lobes
parieto-occipital sulcus: separates occipital and parietal lobes
pre-occipital notch: occipital and temporal lobes
lateral sulcus: frontal and temporal lobes

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19
Q

central white matter tracts

A

association tracts: connect regions of the cortex within the same hemisphere
commissural tracts: extend between cerebral hemisphere
projection tracts: link the cerebral cortex to the inferior brain regions and the spinal cord

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20
Q

commissural tracts

A

corpus callosum

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21
Q

what are the components of the diencephalon

A

epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus

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22
Q

epithalamus

A

pineal gland ; melatonin, regulates circadian rhythm

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23
Q

thalamus

A

composed of thalamic nuclei
sensory impulses from all the conscious senses expect olfaction to converge on the thalamus and synapse in at least one of its nuclei
“mailman”

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24
Q

hypothalamus

A

autonomic integration center; influences heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities, and respirations

controls endocrine system

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25
Q

brainstem

A

bidirectional passageway for tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord
contains autonomic centers
contains reflex centers

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26
Q

midbrain

A

somatic motor axons descend from the primary motor cortex through cerebral peduncles to the spinal cord

superior cerebellar peduncles connect cerebellum to midbrain

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27
Q

pons

A

middle cerebellar peduncles are transverse fibers that connect pons to cerebellum

contains autonomic nuclei in pontine respiratory center, that help regulate breathing

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28
Q

medulla oblongata

A

pyramids are composed of motor projection tracts called the corticospinal tracts
- most axons in pyramids cross midline at the decussation of the pyramids

inferior cerebellar peduncles connect medulla to cerebellum

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29
Q

what does the medulla oblongata contain

A

cardiac center, vasomotor center, medullary respiratory center

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30
Q

cardiac center

A

regulates heart rate and strength of contraction

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31
Q

vasometer center

A

controls blood pressure by regulating contraction/ relaxation of smooth muscle in walls of arterioles

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32
Q

medullary respiratory center

A

regulates respiratory rate through pneumotaxic center

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33
Q

cerebellum (hemispheres and layers)

A

partitioned into three regions
1. outer gray matter layer
2. internal white matter
3. cerebellar nuclei in deepest layer

theres two hemispheres
- anterior and posterior lobe
- vermis sits in between cerebellar hemispheres

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34
Q

what are the folds of cerebellar cortex called

A

folia

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35
Q

function of cerebellum

A

coordinates and fine tuned skeletal muscle movements

ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements
- recieves a “rough draft” from cerebrum

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36
Q

what are the three layers of the cranial meninges

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

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37
Q

cranial meninges

A

contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

enclose and protect blood vessel that supply the brain

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38
Q

pia mater

A

innermost , adheres to brain

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39
Q

arachnoid mater

A

subarachnoid space
- arachnoid trabeculae
subdural space
- between arachnoid and dura
- potential space
- blood or fluid accumulation

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40
Q

dura mater

A

2 layers : periosteal and meningeal
epidural space: potential space between cranium and periosteal layer

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41
Q

periosteal

A

periosteum on inner surface of cranial bones

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42
Q

meningeal

A

fused except where dural venous sinuses form

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43
Q

epidural space

A

potential space between cranium and periosteal layer

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44
Q

falx cerebrum

A

project into longitudinal fissure, separates left and right cerebral hemisphere

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45
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

horizontal fold that separates cerebrum from cerebellum

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46
Q

falx cerebelli

A

separates left and right cerebellar hemispheres

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47
Q

diaphragma sellae

A

small septum between pituitary gland and hypothalamus

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48
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

no valves ; drain blood from the brain to the internal jugular veins

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49
Q

how is cerebral spinal fluid formed

A

by choroid plexus
- ependymal cells and capillaries of pia mater
- formed from blood plasma that filters from capillaries
- further modified by ependymal cells

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50
Q

functions of cerebral spinal fluid

A

buoyancy : brain floats in CSF
protection: “movement buffer” - provides a liquid cushion
environmental stability: CSF transports nutrients and removed waste from the brain

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51
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there

A

7

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52
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there

A

12

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53
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae are there

A

5

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54
Q

how many sacral vertebrae are there

A

5 - fused

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55
Q

how many coccygeal vertebrate are there

A

4 - fused

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56
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

highest vertebrae in the neck

lamina - laminectomy
pedicle
transverse foramina (not C7)
- vertebral arteries and veins

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57
Q

atlas (C1)

A

articulates with occipital condyles
- movement of head

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58
Q

axis (C2)

A

dens (odontoid process)
- acts as pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull
no movement of the head
dens occupies vertebral foramen with spinal cord
- severe injury with trauma
- shaking a baby

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59
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

lamina
pedicle
articulates with ribs
costal facets : articulates with head or tubercle of the rib
costal demifacets: articulates with either the superior or inferior edge of the head of the rib

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60
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

lamina
pedicle

61
Q

sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae
- median sacral crest
anterior sacral foramina
- passage of nerves to pelvic organs

62
Q

coccyx

A

4 fused vertebrae
males: projects anteriorly
females: projects inferiorly

63
Q

pedicle

A

a small stalk like structure connecting an organ or other part to the human body

64
Q

lamina

A

provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord

65
Q

explain why there is a cervical and lumbosacral enlargement

A

cervical enlargement: neurons that inner are upper extremity

lumbosacral enlargement: neurons that inner are lower limb

66
Q

what level is the conus medullaris

A

usually at level of L1

67
Q

what is the cauda equina composed of

A

nerve roots

68
Q

filum terminale

A

an extension of the pia mater

69
Q

what is the significance of the epidural space

A

this is where epidural anesthesia is administered

between vertebrae and meningeal dura

70
Q

what layer is not present in spinal meninges that is present in cranial meninges

A

periosteal layer

71
Q

what is found in the subarachnoid space of the spinal meninges

A

CSF

72
Q

what is funiculi composed of

A

white commissure

73
Q

what is the horns composed of

A

gray commissure

74
Q

gray matter horns

A

nuclei : sensory nuclei in posterior horns contain interneuron cell bodies

75
Q

where is the somatic and vise real sensory nuclei found

A

gray matter horns

76
Q

somatic sensory nuclei

A

receive sensory information from sensory receptors in the skin

77
Q

visceral sensory nuclei

A

receive sensory information from smooth muscle walls of viscera

78
Q

where is motor nuclei, somatic motor nuclei and visceral motor nuclei found

A

gray matter horns

79
Q

motor nuclei

A

lateral and anterior horns
contain motor cell bodies that send nerve impulses to muscles or glands

80
Q

somatic motor nuclei

A

anterior horns
innervate skeletal muscle

81
Q

visceral motor nuclei

A

lateral horns
innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

82
Q

white matter funiculi

A

organized into tracts
- ascending tracts: conduct sensory impulses
- descending tracts: conduct motor commands

all funiculi contain motor and sensory tracts

83
Q

posterior ramus

A

innervates
- deep muscle of the back
- skin of the back

84
Q

anterior ramus

A

innervates
- anterior trunk
- lateral trunk
- upper limbs
- lower limbs

many form nerve plexuses

85
Q

intercostal nerves

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11
between adjacent ribs
T12- subcostal nerve
- arises below the ribs

86
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • processes regulated below conscious level
  • motor system that initiates and transmits nerve impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscle , smooth muscle and glands
  • reflexively responds to input from visceral sensory components
87
Q

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system

A

maintain homeostasis
- heart rate
- blood pressure
- body temperature
- sweating
- digestion

88
Q

parasympathetic function

A

maintain homeostasis at rest
conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores
“rest and digest”

89
Q

sympathetic function

A
  • maintain homeostasis during exercise or in times of stress or emergency
  • release of nutrients from stores
  • fight or flight
90
Q

preganglionic neuron

A

cell body within brain stem or spinal cord
preganglionic axon

91
Q

preganglionic axon

A

exits CNS in cranial nerve or spinal nerve

92
Q

ganglionic neuron

A

cell body resides within an autonomic ganglion
postganglionic axon

93
Q

postganglionic axon

A

extends from cell body to an effector ( smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or gland)

94
Q

parasympathetic lower motor neurons

A
  • long preganglionic axons, short postganglionic axons
  • ganglia are close to or within the effector
95
Q

sympathetic lower motor neurons

A
  • short preganglionic axons , long postganglionic axons
  • ganglia are close to the spinal cord
96
Q

parasympathetic: craniosacral

A

preganglionic neuron nuclei in brainstem and S2-S4 spinal cord segments

97
Q

sympathetic: thoracolumbar

A
  • sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies in lateral horns of T1-L2
  • travel with somatic motor neurons out of the spinal cord
  • only in spinal nerve for a short distance
98
Q

sympathetic: how do white and gray rami communicate

A

connects the spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk

99
Q

sympathetic : white rami communicates

A

preganglionic sympathetic axons from T1-L2 to sympathetic trunk
- “entrance ramps”

100
Q

sympathetic: gray rami communicates

A

postganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve
- “exit ramps”
- connect to all spinal nerves
- sympathetic information can be dispersed to all body parts

101
Q

pulmonary circulations

A

heart -> lungs -> heart

102
Q

systematic circulations

A

heart -> body tissues -> heart

103
Q

which side of the heart is associated with the pulmonary circuit? systematic circuit?

A

pulmonary circuit: right ventricle
systematic circuit: left ventricle

104
Q

which side of the heart has deoxygenated blood? oxygenated blood?

A

deoxygenated blood: right side
oxygenated blood: left side

105
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pericardium

A

fibrous , serous pericardium

106
Q

name the vessels that contain oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

A

an artery carries oxygenated or pure blood in the body and veins carry deoxygenated or impure blood. But pulmonary artery is the only artery which carries impure or deoxygenated blood and pulmonary vein carries impure blood

107
Q

what is pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium
cause : virus, bacteria, or fungi

108
Q

what can pericarditis cause

A

it can limit heart movement and blooding filling
- cardiac tamponade: reduced ventricular filling

109
Q

what are the 3 layers in the heart

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

110
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle tissue

111
Q

endocardium

A

simple squamous epithelium is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

112
Q

right atrium ( internal anatomy )

A

interatrial septum , pectinate muscle, fossa ovalis, right AV/tricuspid valve

113
Q

right ventricle (internal anatomy)

A

interventricular septum, trabeculae carne, papillary muscle, chordate tendineae, pulmonary semilunar valve

114
Q

left atrium (internal anatomy)

A

left AV/ bicuspid / mitral valve

115
Q

left ventricle ( internal anatomy )

A

thicker myocardium
aortic semilunar valve

116
Q

fibrous skeleton ( internal anatomy)

A

dense regular connective tissue
between the atria and ventricles

117
Q

function of fibrous skeleton

A

structural support , fibrous rings to anchor heart valves, framework for attachment of cardiac muscle tissue, electrical insulator( atria and ventricles do not contract at the same time)

118
Q

what are th arteries in the coronary circulation

A

right coronary artery:
- right marginal artery
- posterior interventricular artery

left coronary artery:
- anterior interventricular artery
- circumflex artery

119
Q

what are the veins in the coronary circulation

A

coronary sinus:
- great cardiac vein
- middle cardiac vein
- small cardiac vein

anterior cardiac veins

120
Q

what is autorythmicity

A

heart itself initiates heartbeat
- specialized cardiac muscle cells

121
Q

what are the properties of cardiac tissue

A

myocardium : cardiac muscle
- short, branched
- 1-2 nuclei

contraction of heart muscle
- contract as a single unit
- voltage across sarcolemma distributed immediately and simultaneously
- atria followed by ventricles
- intercalated discs

122
Q

compare and contrast true and false ribs

A

true ribs: articulate individually with sternum via costal cartilages ( ribs 1-7) . false ribs: coastal cartilages do not directly attach to the sternum ( ribs 8-12)

123
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system

A

breathing and gas exchange

124
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of gas between atmosphere and blood

125
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of gas between blood and cells of the body

126
Q

what are the conducting structures of the upper respiratory tract

A

nose and nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx

127
Q

nasal cavity

A

lined with psuedostratified columnar epithelium collated
- goblet cells
olfactory epithelium in superior nasal cavity
- psuedostratified columnar epithelium ciliated + olfactory receptor cells

128
Q

from superiority to inferiorly nana the pharynx

A

most superior: nasopharynx
middle: oropharynx
most inferior: laryngopharynx

129
Q

nasopharynx

A

psuedostratified columnar epithelium ciliated
auditory/ pharyngotympanic tubes
- excess air pressure released into nasopharynx
pharyngeal tonsil

130
Q

oropharynx

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- abrasion of swallowed food
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils

131
Q

laryngopharynx

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

132
Q

respiratory structures of lower respiratory tract

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli

133
Q

conducting structures of the lower respiratory tract

A

larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

134
Q

functions of the larynx in the lower respiratory tract

A

passageway for air
prevents ingested materials reaching respiratory tract
produces sound for speech

135
Q

what cartilage is doing in the larynx of the lower respiratory tract

A

thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
epiglottis elastic cartilage
arytenoid cartilages - 2
corniculate cartilages - 2
cuneiform cartilages - 2

136
Q

laryngeal ligaments (intrinsic)

A

vocal ligaments
- covered by vocal folds - “true vocal cords”
- produce sounds when air passes between them

137
Q

trachea

A

anterior to the esophagus
tracheal cartilages
- incomplete
- connected posteriorly by trachealis muscle
psuedostratified columnar epithelium ciliated
- goblet cells
bifurcated a stern al angle to form right and left main bronchi

138
Q

bronchial tree

A

main bronchi enter hilum of lung with pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

139
Q

compare and contrast alveolar type 1 and type 2 cell

A

alveolar type 1 cell: simple squamous epithelial cells , gas exchange
alveolar type 2 cell: secrete pulmonary surfactant, reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse

140
Q

respiratory membrane

A

plasma membrane of alveolar type 1 cell and endothelial cells of capillary and fused basement membrane

141
Q

base (lungs)

A

on diaphragm

142
Q

apex

A

superior and posterior to the clavicle

143
Q

lobes in the lungs

A

right :
3 lobes ( superior , middle, inferior)
2 fissures ( horizontal (S & M) , oblique ( M & I ))

left:
2 lobes ( superior and inferior)
1 fissure (oblique)
cardiac notch

144
Q

muscles of quiet breathing

A

diaphragm and external intercostal

145
Q

muscles of forced inhalation

A

sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
serratus posterior superior
pectoralis minor
erector spinae

146
Q

muscles of forced exhalation

A

transverse thoracis
serratus posterior superior
internal intercostal
external oblique
transversus abdominis

147
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out of the lungs during expiration (exhalation)

148
Q

external respiration

A

involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air to the atmosphere (exhalation).

149
Q

internal respiration

A

the process by which oxygen breaks down food into carbon dioxide and water in order to liberate energy in the form of ATP.

Human Anatomy Fall 2023 (6 decks)

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