Exam Three Flashcards
name the cranial sutures and their locations
coronal: frontal and parietal
sagittal: parietal and parietal
lambdoid: parietal and occipital
squamous: parietal with temporal
name the cranial fossae and which part of the brain each one is located in
posterior cranial fossa: back of the skull
middle cranial fossa: above the zygomatic arch
anterior cranial fossa: behind the eye
ganglion
cluster of neuron cell bodies within PNS
nerve
bundle of axons within PNS
nerve plexus
network of nerves within PNS
nuclei
cluster of neuron cell bodies within CNS
tract
bundle of axons within CNS
funiculus
group of tracts in a specific area of the spinal cord
pathway
centers and tracts that connect the CNS with body organs and systems
peduncle
stalk-like structure connecting two regions of the brain
define grey matter and its location
definition: motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, terminal arborizations, and unmyelinated axons. it forms deep clusters of neuronal cell bodies called cerebral nuclei
location: cortex
define white matter and its location
definition: myelinated axons
location: deep to cortex
frontal lobe
primary motor cortex: controls skeletal muscle movement, located in precentral gyrus
functions: voluntary muscle movement, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning and personality
parietal lobe
primary somatosensory cortex: receives somatic sensory information from touch, pain, pressure, and temperature receptors; located in postcentral gyrus
function: general sensory functions
temporal lobe
primary auditory cortex: hearing
primary olfactory cortex: smell
function: involved with hearing and smell
occipital lobe
primary visual cortex: vision
function: processes incoming visual information and stores visual memories
insula lobe
primary gustatory cortex: taste
function: involved in emotional responses, empathy and taste
name the sulci and fissures
central sulcus: separates frontal and parietal lobes
parieto-occipital sulcus: separates occipital and parietal lobes
pre-occipital notch: occipital and temporal lobes
lateral sulcus: frontal and temporal lobes
central white matter tracts
association tracts: connect regions of the cortex within the same hemisphere
commissural tracts: extend between cerebral hemisphere
projection tracts: link the cerebral cortex to the inferior brain regions and the spinal cord
commissural tracts
corpus callosum
what are the components of the diencephalon
epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
pineal gland ; melatonin, regulates circadian rhythm
thalamus
composed of thalamic nuclei
sensory impulses from all the conscious senses expect olfaction to converge on the thalamus and synapse in at least one of its nuclei
“mailman”
hypothalamus
autonomic integration center; influences heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities, and respirations
controls endocrine system
brainstem
bidirectional passageway for tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord
contains autonomic centers
contains reflex centers
midbrain
somatic motor axons descend from the primary motor cortex through cerebral peduncles to the spinal cord
superior cerebellar peduncles connect cerebellum to midbrain
pons
middle cerebellar peduncles are transverse fibers that connect pons to cerebellum
contains autonomic nuclei in pontine respiratory center, that help regulate breathing
medulla oblongata
pyramids are composed of motor projection tracts called the corticospinal tracts
- most axons in pyramids cross midline at the decussation of the pyramids
inferior cerebellar peduncles connect medulla to cerebellum
what does the medulla oblongata contain
cardiac center, vasomotor center, medullary respiratory center
cardiac center
regulates heart rate and strength of contraction
vasometer center
controls blood pressure by regulating contraction/ relaxation of smooth muscle in walls of arterioles
medullary respiratory center
regulates respiratory rate through pneumotaxic center
cerebellum (hemispheres and layers)
partitioned into three regions
1. outer gray matter layer
2. internal white matter
3. cerebellar nuclei in deepest layer
theres two hemispheres
- anterior and posterior lobe
- vermis sits in between cerebellar hemispheres
what are the folds of cerebellar cortex called
folia
function of cerebellum
coordinates and fine tuned skeletal muscle movements
ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements
- recieves a “rough draft” from cerebrum
what are the three layers of the cranial meninges
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
cranial meninges
contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
enclose and protect blood vessel that supply the brain
pia mater
innermost , adheres to brain
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
- arachnoid trabeculae
subdural space
- between arachnoid and dura
- potential space
- blood or fluid accumulation
dura mater
2 layers : periosteal and meningeal
epidural space: potential space between cranium and periosteal layer
periosteal
periosteum on inner surface of cranial bones
meningeal
fused except where dural venous sinuses form
epidural space
potential space between cranium and periosteal layer
falx cerebrum
project into longitudinal fissure, separates left and right cerebral hemisphere
tentorium cerebelli
horizontal fold that separates cerebrum from cerebellum
falx cerebelli
separates left and right cerebellar hemispheres
diaphragma sellae
small septum between pituitary gland and hypothalamus
dural venous sinuses
no valves ; drain blood from the brain to the internal jugular veins
how is cerebral spinal fluid formed
by choroid plexus
- ependymal cells and capillaries of pia mater
- formed from blood plasma that filters from capillaries
- further modified by ependymal cells
functions of cerebral spinal fluid
buoyancy : brain floats in CSF
protection: “movement buffer” - provides a liquid cushion
environmental stability: CSF transports nutrients and removed waste from the brain
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
how many thoracic vertebrae are there
12
how many lumbar vertebrae are there
5
how many sacral vertebrae are there
5 - fused
how many coccygeal vertebrate are there
4 - fused
cervical vertebrae
highest vertebrae in the neck
lamina - laminectomy
pedicle
transverse foramina (not C7)
- vertebral arteries and veins
atlas (C1)
articulates with occipital condyles
- movement of head
axis (C2)
dens (odontoid process)
- acts as pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull
no movement of the head
dens occupies vertebral foramen with spinal cord
- severe injury with trauma
- shaking a baby
thoracic vertebrae
lamina
pedicle
articulates with ribs
costal facets : articulates with head or tubercle of the rib
costal demifacets: articulates with either the superior or inferior edge of the head of the rib
lumbar vertebrae
lamina
pedicle
sacrum
5 fused vertebrae
- median sacral crest
anterior sacral foramina
- passage of nerves to pelvic organs
coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
males: projects anteriorly
females: projects inferiorly
pedicle
a small stalk like structure connecting an organ or other part to the human body
lamina
provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord
explain why there is a cervical and lumbosacral enlargement
cervical enlargement: neurons that inner are upper extremity
lumbosacral enlargement: neurons that inner are lower limb
what level is the conus medullaris
usually at level of L1
what is the cauda equina composed of
nerve roots
filum terminale
an extension of the pia mater
what is the significance of the epidural space
this is where epidural anesthesia is administered
between vertebrae and meningeal dura
what layer is not present in spinal meninges that is present in cranial meninges
periosteal layer
what is found in the subarachnoid space of the spinal meninges
CSF
what is funiculi composed of
white commissure
what is the horns composed of
gray commissure
gray matter horns
nuclei : sensory nuclei in posterior horns contain interneuron cell bodies
where is the somatic and vise real sensory nuclei found
gray matter horns
somatic sensory nuclei
receive sensory information from sensory receptors in the skin
visceral sensory nuclei
receive sensory information from smooth muscle walls of viscera
where is motor nuclei, somatic motor nuclei and visceral motor nuclei found
gray matter horns
motor nuclei
lateral and anterior horns
contain motor cell bodies that send nerve impulses to muscles or glands
somatic motor nuclei
anterior horns
innervate skeletal muscle
visceral motor nuclei
lateral horns
innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
white matter funiculi
organized into tracts
- ascending tracts: conduct sensory impulses
- descending tracts: conduct motor commands
all funiculi contain motor and sensory tracts
posterior ramus
innervates
- deep muscle of the back
- skin of the back
anterior ramus
innervates
- anterior trunk
- lateral trunk
- upper limbs
- lower limbs
many form nerve plexuses
intercostal nerves
anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11
between adjacent ribs
T12- subcostal nerve
- arises below the ribs
autonomic nervous system
- processes regulated below conscious level
- motor system that initiates and transmits nerve impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscle , smooth muscle and glands
- reflexively responds to input from visceral sensory components
what is the function of the autonomic nervous system
maintain homeostasis
- heart rate
- blood pressure
- body temperature
- sweating
- digestion
parasympathetic function
maintain homeostasis at rest
conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores
“rest and digest”
sympathetic function
- maintain homeostasis during exercise or in times of stress or emergency
- release of nutrients from stores
- fight or flight
preganglionic neuron
cell body within brain stem or spinal cord
preganglionic axon
preganglionic axon
exits CNS in cranial nerve or spinal nerve
ganglionic neuron
cell body resides within an autonomic ganglion
postganglionic axon
postganglionic axon
extends from cell body to an effector ( smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or gland)
parasympathetic lower motor neurons
- long preganglionic axons, short postganglionic axons
- ganglia are close to or within the effector
sympathetic lower motor neurons
- short preganglionic axons , long postganglionic axons
- ganglia are close to the spinal cord
parasympathetic: craniosacral
preganglionic neuron nuclei in brainstem and S2-S4 spinal cord segments
sympathetic: thoracolumbar
- sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies in lateral horns of T1-L2
- travel with somatic motor neurons out of the spinal cord
- only in spinal nerve for a short distance
sympathetic: how do white and gray rami communicate
connects the spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk
sympathetic : white rami communicates
preganglionic sympathetic axons from T1-L2 to sympathetic trunk
- “entrance ramps”
sympathetic: gray rami communicates
postganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve
- “exit ramps”
- connect to all spinal nerves
- sympathetic information can be dispersed to all body parts
pulmonary circulations
heart -> lungs -> heart
systematic circulations
heart -> body tissues -> heart
which side of the heart is associated with the pulmonary circuit? systematic circuit?
pulmonary circuit: right ventricle
systematic circuit: left ventricle
which side of the heart has deoxygenated blood? oxygenated blood?
deoxygenated blood: right side
oxygenated blood: left side
what are the 2 layers of the pericardium
fibrous , serous pericardium
name the vessels that contain oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
an artery carries oxygenated or pure blood in the body and veins carry deoxygenated or impure blood. But pulmonary artery is the only artery which carries impure or deoxygenated blood and pulmonary vein carries impure blood
what is pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
cause : virus, bacteria, or fungi
what can pericarditis cause
it can limit heart movement and blooding filling
- cardiac tamponade: reduced ventricular filling
what are the 3 layers in the heart
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
myocardium
cardiac muscle tissue
endocardium
simple squamous epithelium is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels
right atrium ( internal anatomy )
interatrial septum , pectinate muscle, fossa ovalis, right AV/tricuspid valve
right ventricle (internal anatomy)
interventricular septum, trabeculae carne, papillary muscle, chordate tendineae, pulmonary semilunar valve
left atrium (internal anatomy)
left AV/ bicuspid / mitral valve
left ventricle ( internal anatomy )
thicker myocardium
aortic semilunar valve
fibrous skeleton ( internal anatomy)
dense regular connective tissue
between the atria and ventricles
function of fibrous skeleton
structural support , fibrous rings to anchor heart valves, framework for attachment of cardiac muscle tissue, electrical insulator( atria and ventricles do not contract at the same time)
what are th arteries in the coronary circulation
right coronary artery:
- right marginal artery
- posterior interventricular artery
left coronary artery:
- anterior interventricular artery
- circumflex artery
what are the veins in the coronary circulation
coronary sinus:
- great cardiac vein
- middle cardiac vein
- small cardiac vein
anterior cardiac veins
what is autorythmicity
heart itself initiates heartbeat
- specialized cardiac muscle cells
what are the properties of cardiac tissue
myocardium : cardiac muscle
- short, branched
- 1-2 nuclei
contraction of heart muscle
- contract as a single unit
- voltage across sarcolemma distributed immediately and simultaneously
- atria followed by ventricles
- intercalated discs
compare and contrast true and false ribs
true ribs: articulate individually with sternum via costal cartilages ( ribs 1-7) . false ribs: coastal cartilages do not directly attach to the sternum ( ribs 8-12)
what are the functions of the respiratory system
breathing and gas exchange
external respiration
exchange of gas between atmosphere and blood
internal respiration
exchange of gas between blood and cells of the body
what are the conducting structures of the upper respiratory tract
nose and nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
nasal cavity
lined with psuedostratified columnar epithelium collated
- goblet cells
olfactory epithelium in superior nasal cavity
- psuedostratified columnar epithelium ciliated + olfactory receptor cells
from superiority to inferiorly nana the pharynx
most superior: nasopharynx
middle: oropharynx
most inferior: laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
psuedostratified columnar epithelium ciliated
auditory/ pharyngotympanic tubes
- excess air pressure released into nasopharynx
pharyngeal tonsil
oropharynx
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- abrasion of swallowed food
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils
laryngopharynx
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
respiratory structures of lower respiratory tract
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
conducting structures of the lower respiratory tract
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
functions of the larynx in the lower respiratory tract
passageway for air
prevents ingested materials reaching respiratory tract
produces sound for speech
what cartilage is doing in the larynx of the lower respiratory tract
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
epiglottis elastic cartilage
arytenoid cartilages - 2
corniculate cartilages - 2
cuneiform cartilages - 2
laryngeal ligaments (intrinsic)
vocal ligaments
- covered by vocal folds - “true vocal cords”
- produce sounds when air passes between them
trachea
anterior to the esophagus
tracheal cartilages
- incomplete
- connected posteriorly by trachealis muscle
psuedostratified columnar epithelium ciliated
- goblet cells
bifurcated a stern al angle to form right and left main bronchi
bronchial tree
main bronchi enter hilum of lung with pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
compare and contrast alveolar type 1 and type 2 cell
alveolar type 1 cell: simple squamous epithelial cells , gas exchange
alveolar type 2 cell: secrete pulmonary surfactant, reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse
respiratory membrane
plasma membrane of alveolar type 1 cell and endothelial cells of capillary and fused basement membrane
base (lungs)
on diaphragm
apex
superior and posterior to the clavicle
lobes in the lungs
right :
3 lobes ( superior , middle, inferior)
2 fissures ( horizontal (S & M) , oblique ( M & I ))
left:
2 lobes ( superior and inferior)
1 fissure (oblique)
cardiac notch
muscles of quiet breathing
diaphragm and external intercostal
muscles of forced inhalation
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
serratus posterior superior
pectoralis minor
erector spinae
muscles of forced exhalation
transverse thoracis
serratus posterior superior
internal intercostal
external oblique
transversus abdominis
pulmonary ventilation
the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out of the lungs during expiration (exhalation)
external respiration
involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air to the atmosphere (exhalation).
internal respiration
the process by which oxygen breaks down food into carbon dioxide and water in order to liberate energy in the form of ATP.
