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Human Anatomy Fall 2023 > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of structure

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2
Q

physiology

A

the study of function of the body

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3
Q

gross anatomyq

A

structure and relationship of large body parts that are visible to the unaided eye

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4
Q

regional

A

refers to all structures in a specific region
ex: biceps femoris, femoral artery, femoral vein

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5
Q

systematic

A

refers to the study of organ systems

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6
Q

surface

A

refers to the superficial anatomical markings
ex: brachial, abdominal, pectoral, crural

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7
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

study of structures that cant be seen without magnification

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8
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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9
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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10
Q

relationship of microscopic anatomy to gross anatomy

A

cells make tissues, tissues make organs

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11
Q

levels of organization

A

atom, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism

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12
Q

list all the organ systems

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

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13
Q

anatomic position

A

standing upright, feet parallel, head level and forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward

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14
Q

coronal or frontal

A

divides body or structure into anterior and posterior parts

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15
Q

transverse or cross

A

sectional or horizontal - cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ

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16
Q

midsagittal or median

A

divides the body or structure into equal right and left halves

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17
Q

sagittal

A

divides the bod or structure into unequal right and left halves

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18
Q

anatomic directions

A

describe structures relative to one another

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19
Q

anterior/posterior

A

front/back

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20
Q

ventral/dorsal

A

front/back

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21
Q

superior/inferior

A

upper/lower

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22
Q

cranial/caudal

A

closer to head/ closer to tail

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23
Q

medial/lateral

A

closer to midline/ farther from midline

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24
Q

ipsilateral/ contralateral

A

same side/ opposite side

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25
Q

proximal/distal

A

closest to attachment/ furthest from attachment

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26
Q

two main body regions

A

axial and appendicular

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27
Q

axial region

A

head, neck, and trunk

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28
Q

appendicular region

A

upper limbs and lower limbs

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29
Q

cranial cavity

A

brain enclosed in the cranium

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30
Q

vertebral cavity

A

spinal cord enclosed in the vertebral column

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31
Q

ventral cavity consists of

A

thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

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32
Q

thoracic cavity is

A

superior to diaphragm

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33
Q

what are ventral cavities lined by

A

serous membrane

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34
Q

parietal

A

lines internal surface of body wall

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35
Q

visceral

A

covers the external surface of organs

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36
Q

where is the serous cavity

A

between parietal and visceral layers

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37
Q

what is serous fluid

A

lubricant to reduce friction between moving organs

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38
Q

pericardium

A

serous membrane around the heart

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39
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane around lungs

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40
Q

four primary tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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41
Q

cellular

A

bound close together

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42
Q

polar

A

apical, basal and lateral surface
apical surface exposed to surface/lumen

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43
Q

attached

A

basal cell layer is attached to a basement membrane

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44
Q

avascular

A

no blood cells

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45
Q

innervated

A

we can sense things
nervous supply within tissue

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46
Q

high generation capacity

A

cells can replace themselves when damaged

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47
Q

function of epithelial tissue

A

covers surface - protection from abrasion and dehydration
lines inside of organs and body cavities - controls permeability

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48
Q

three structures found on the apical surface of cells

A

microvilli, cilia, stereocilia

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49
Q

microvilli

A

found in intestines, increases surface area for absorption

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50
Q

cilia

A

found in the respiratory tract, moves substances over apical surface

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51
Q

stereocilia

A

rare, long cilia, functions as microvilli

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52
Q

what are the three different cell shapes

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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53
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

structure: simple squamous cell
function: rapid diffusion, filtration, secretion in serous membranes
location: alveoli of lungs, endothelium ( heart chambers, and lumen of vessels) and mesothelium (serous membrane)

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54
Q

simple squamous cells

A

flat, scale-like, single layer

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55
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

structure: simple cuboidal cells, lumen, basement membrane
function: absorption and secretion
location: kidney tubules

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56
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

square shaped cells

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57
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

structure: simple columnar cell, lumen, basement membrane, goblet cell
function: absorption and secretion: secretion of mucin (goblet cells)
location: lining of the digestive tract

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58
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated

A

structure: pseudostratified cell, basement membrane, cilia
function: protection, secretion of mucin, and movement by cilia
location: respiratory tract

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59
Q

non keratinized

A

living cells

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60
Q

stratified squamous epithelium: non keratinized

A

structure: stratified squamous cells, basement membrane, lumen
function: protection of underlying tissue
location: vagina, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and anus

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61
Q

keratinized

A

non living cells

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62
Q

stratified squamous epithelium: keratinized

A

structure: stratified squamous cells, keratinization
function: protection of underlying tissue
location: epidermis of skin

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63
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

structure: stratified cuboidal cell, basement membrane, lumen
function: protection and secretion
location: large ducts of exocrine glands and parts of male urethra

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64
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

structure: stratified columnar cell, basement membrane, lumen
function: protection and secretion
location: very rare, male urethra and large ducts of exocrine glands

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65
Q

transitional epithelium

A

structure: transitional epithelial cell (domed apical surface), basement membrane, lumen
function: distension and recoil
location: urinary bladder, ureters and parts of urethra

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66
Q

ground substance

A

a mixture of proteins and carbohydrates with variable amounts of salts and water

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67
Q

protein fibers + ground substance =

A

extracellular matrix ( everything outside the cell)

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68
Q

what are the different types of protein fibers

A

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

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69
Q

function of connective tissue

A

protect, bind structures together, supports and structural framework

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70
Q

mesenchyme

A

function: common origin for all other connective tissue types
location: embryo, fetus and adult

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71
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

structure: fibroblasts, elastic fibers, collagen fibers, ground substance
function: packs around and binds organs
location: surrounding nerves, vessels, and subcutaneous layer

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72
Q

adipose connective tissue

A

structure: adipocytes
function: protects, stores fats, insulates
location: subcutaneous layer, surrounding select organs

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73
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

structure: reticular fibers, ground substance]
function: stroma of lymphatic organs
location: spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

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74
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

structure: collagen fibers, fibroblast nuclei, ground substance
function: unidirectional strength and flexibility
location: tendons and ligaments

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75
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

structure: collagen fibers, fibroblast nuclei, ground substance
function: tensile strength in all directions
location: dermis of the skin, capsules of organs

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76
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

structure: elastic fibers, ground substance
function: provides a framework and supports organs
location: walls of large arteries

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77
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

structure: chondrocyte in lacuna, extracellular matrix
function: smooth surfaces for movement at joints, a model for bone growth, supports soft tissue
location: ends of long bones, fetal skeleton, costal cartilage, most of the larynx, trachea, and nose

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78
Q

fibrocartilage

A

structure: chondrocyte in lacuna; collagen fibers
function: resists compression and absorbs shock in some joints
location: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee joint

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79
Q

elastic cartilage

A

structure: chondrocyte in lacuna; elastic fibers
function: structure and shape with extensive flexibility
location: external ear, epiglottis

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80
Q

osseous connective tissue

A

structure: osteon, osteocyte in lacuna, concentric lamellae, central canal, perforating canal
function: supports soft structure, protects organs, lever for movement, stores calcium and phosphorus; spongy: site of hemopoiesis
location: bones of the body

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81
Q

blood connective tissue

A

structure: erythrocyte, leukocyte, thrombocyte, plasma
function: erythrocytes: carry oxygen and carbon dioxide; leukocytes: immune response; thrombocytes: clotting
location: within blood vessels

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82
Q

what is muscle compromised of

A

cells called fibers

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83
Q

contractile

A

when cells are active, internal changes cause them to shorten

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84
Q

voluntary

A

we control movement

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85
Q

striated

A

perpendicular banding pattern

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86
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

structure: voluntary, striated, multinucleated, cylindrical shape
function: moves skeleton, voluntary movement, locomotion, heat production
location: attaches to bone or skin, voluntary sphincters: lips, urethra, anus

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87
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

structure: involuntary, striated, intercalated discs, one or two nuclei per cell
function: to pump blood in the heart
location: heart wall (myocardium)

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88
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

structure: involuntary, non striated, spindle-shaped cells
function: involuntary movements and motion, moves materials through internal organs
location: walls of hollow organs ( vessels, airways, stomach, bladder, uterus)

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89
Q

neurons characteristics

A

excitable - specialized to conduct electrical signals through the body
extreme longevity
nonmitotic
consists of cell body, axons, and dendrites
control activities

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90
Q

glial cells characteristics

A

non- excitable
mitotic (find cancer here)
6 types

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91
Q

neurons characteristics

A

control activities
process information

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92
Q

glial cell characteristics

A

support and protect neurons

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93
Q

nervous tissue

A

structure: neuron, cell body, nuclei of neuroglial cells
function: neurons: control; information processing, storage and retrieval; internal communication; glial cells: support and protect neurons
location: brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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94
Q

what tissue is…
- composed of cells bound closely together with the apical surface of the cells exposed to the lumen and basal surface of the cells bound to the basement membrane
- has excitable cells composed of a cell body, axon, and dendrites
- is comprised of cells called fibers which are contractile and cause shortening
- all types of within the category are composed of cells, protein fibers and ground substance

A

epithelial tissue

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95
Q

which of the following is true of cilia and microvilli
- project from the apical surface of cells
- increase surface area for absorption
- move substances across the apical surface of cells
- are found in connective tissue

A
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96
Q

what is the difference in function between simple epithelia and stratified epithelia

A

simple epithelial tissue has only one cell layer. In contrast, stratified epithelial tissue has two or more cell layers piled upon each other

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97
Q

what is basement membrane

A

a dense, sheet-like form of extracellular matrix (ECM) that underlie epithelia and endothelia, and surround muscle, fat and Schwann cells

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98
Q

what is a lumen

A

a term that describes the cavity within the tubular structure. It usually refers to the space inside digestive, respiratory, and urogenital organs or vessels of the body

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99
Q

why is pseudostratified columnar epithelium considered a simple epithelia type

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelia are tissues formed by a single layer of cells that give the appearance of being made from multiple layers

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100
Q

integument

A

the skin that covers your body

101
Q

integumentary system

A

the skin and it derivatives ( nails, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous gland)

102
Q

what are the three layers of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer/ hypodermis

103
Q

epidermis

A

superficial , stratified squamous epithelium

104
Q

dermis

A

deep, dense irregular and areolar connective tissue

105
Q

subcutaneous layer / hypodermis

A

not part of the integument - closely involved with structure and function of skin
areolar and adipose connective tissue

106
Q

function of the dermis and epidermis

A

protection, prevention of water loss and gain, temperature regulation, metabolic regulation, immune defense, sensory receptors, secretion

107
Q

epidermis

A

stratified squamous epithelium keratinized, avascular, composed of many layers

108
Q

5 strata of the epidermis (deep to superficial)

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

109
Q

stratum basale

A

single layer of cuboidal/ low columnar cells

110
Q

cell types in stratum basale

A

keratinocytes - produce tough keratin for water resistance
melanocytes - produce melanin to absorb UV light and prevent DNA damage
tactile cells - sense touch

111
Q

stratum spinosum

A

several layers of kerainocytes

112
Q

cell types in stratum spinosum

A

epidermal dendritic cells - immune cells that act as phagocytes to fight infection and initiate immune responsed

113
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes undergoing keratinization

114
Q

the types of keratin granules in cells of the stratum granulosum

A

keratohyalin granules - involved in the keratinization process ‘
lamellar granules - release contents (primarily lipids) into extracellular space; help form water barrier

115
Q

stratum lucidum

A

thin, translucent region, two to three cell layers thick
present only in thick skin

116
Q

stratum corneum

A

thickness varies from 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells called corneocytes
cells are anucleate (lack a nucleus) and tightly packed

117
Q

thick vs thin skin

A

thin skin lacks a stratum lucidum, and covers most of the body
thick skin has no hair follicles or sebaceous glands and is found in the palms or soles

118
Q

dermis

A

composed of two layers; papillary layer and reticular layer

119
Q

papillary layer consists of

A

Dermal papillae - proje9ctions of the dermis toward the epidermis
- contains capillaries that supply nutrients to the epidermis and also contain sensory receptors
- interlock with epidermal ridges ( deep projections of epidermis ) increasing the surface area between epidermis and dermis

120
Q

reticular layer

A

very vascular, forms the majority of its thickness, includes many blood vessels, glands, hair follicles and nerves

121
Q

what the purpose of blood vessels

A

help control body temperatures and blood pressure

122
Q

vasoconstriction

A

reduces blood flow to skin and helps conserve heat

123
Q

vasodilation

A

increases blood flow to the skin, helps release heat

124
Q

what is the purpose of nerves fibers in the dermis

A

monitor sensory receptors, control blood flow, control glandular secretion

125
Q

what is the subcutaneous layer composed of

A

areolar and adipose connective tissue

126
Q

what are the functions of the subcutaneous layer

A

protects underlying structures, stores energy, thermal insulation

127
Q

nail matrix

A

thickened growing part of the nail bed

128
Q

lunula

A

white semilunar proximal area of nail body caused by thickened underlying stratum basale obscuring capillaries in dermis

129
Q

nail folds

A

overlap the lateral and proximal edges

130
Q

eponychium (cuticle)

A

a narrow band of epidermis that extends from the margin of the nail onto the nail body

131
Q

hyponychium

A

a region of thickened stratum corneum over which the free edge of the nail projects

132
Q

function of hair

A

protection, heat retention, sensory reception, visual identification

133
Q

hair bulb

A

deep swelling of epithelial cells where hair orignates

134
Q

hair root

A

portion that is deep to skin surface

135
Q

hair shaft

A

portion that extends beyond skin surface

136
Q

function of the merocrine sweat glands

A

thermoregulation, protection from microbes, secretion of various substances

137
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

secrete into hair follicles at armpits, nipples, groin, anus

138
Q

sebaceous glands

A

secrete oily sebum

139
Q

three kinds of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrous cartilage

140
Q

chondroblasts

A

immature cartilage cells, produce extracellular matrix

141
Q

chondrocytes

A

mature cartilage cells in lacunae

142
Q

extracellular matrix

A

protein fibers and ground substance

143
Q

functions of cartilage

A

supports tissues, gliding surface at articulations, model for formation of bones

144
Q

functions of bone

A

support and protection, movement, hemopoiesis (blood cell production), storage of mineral and energy reserves

145
Q

diaphysis

A

elongated, cylindrical shaft
medullary cavity: filled with yellow marrow

146
Q

metaphysis

A

region between diaphysis and epiphysis
contains the epiphyseal plate

146
Q

epiphysis

A

enlarged regions at each end , attachment site for tendons and ligaments, bone to bone articulation
red bone marrow - hemopoiesis

147
Q

periosteum

A

covers the external surface of the bone, except where hyaline cartilage is, dense irregular CT, attached by perforating fibers
cells: osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

148
Q

endosteum

A

covers internal surfaces: medullary cavity, central canals, perforating canals
cells: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells

149
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells derived from mesenchyme, become osteoblasts, located in periosteum and endosteum

150
Q

osteoblasts

A

secrete osteoid - semisolid, organic, bone matrix
produces new bone
once entrapped in the matrix they differentiate into osteocytes

151
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells, reside in the lacunae, maintain bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on bone

152
Q

osteoclasts

A

phagocytic cells, ruffles border where in contact with bone, increased surface area, bone resorption: process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue and release minerals into the blood

153
Q

compact bone

A

solid and relatively dense, external surfaces of long and flat bones, functional unit: osteon

154
Q

spongy bone

A

open lattice of narrow plates, internal surface of bones, lightens the weight of bones

155
Q

osteon

A

cylindrical structures, run parallel to the diaphysis

156
Q

central canal

A

carries blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

157
Q

concentric lamellae

A

rings of bone around central canal

158
Q

osteocytes

A

housed in the lacunae

159
Q

canaliculi

A

interconnecting channels

160
Q

perforating canals

A

run perpendicular to central canals
blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

161
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum or internal to the endosteum
run the entire circumference of the bone

162
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed

163
Q

microscopic anatomy of spongy bone

A

no osteons, parallel lamellae ( make up trabeculae), osteocytes in lacunae, forms cavities filled with red bone marrow

164
Q

ossification

A

formation and development of osseous connective tissue, developed through either intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification

165
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme, starting in the 8th week of development
osteoid undergoes calcification
woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
lamellar bone replaces woven bone as compact bone and spongy bone form

166
Q

endochondral ossification

A

the fetal hyaline cartilage model develops
cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms
the primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis
secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses
bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

167
Q

functions of axial skeleton

A

forms a framework that supports and protects organs
houses special sense organs (hearing, balance, taste, smell, vision)
provides areas for attachment of skeletal muscle

168
Q

what three regions are apart of the axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral cloumn, thoracic cage

169
Q

function of appendicular skeleton

A

provides areas for attachment of skeletal muscles

170
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of

A

bones of the appendages, bones that hold the limbs to the trunk of the body

171
Q

synarthrosis

A

immovable

172
Q

amphiarthosis

A

slightly movable

173
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely movable

174
Q

synovial

A

bones seperated by a fluid filled cavity

175
Q

cartilaginous

A

bones joined together by cartilage

176
Q

fibrous

A

bones held together by dense regular CT

177
Q

gomphosis

A

periodontal membranes hold tooth to bony jaw

178
Q

suture

A

dense regular CT connects skull bones

179
Q

syndesmosis

A

dense regular CT fibers between bones

180
Q

synchondrosis

A

hyaline cartilage between bones
synarthrosis

181
Q

symphysis

A

fibrocartilage between bones
amphiarthrosis

182
Q

plane joints

A

side to side movement
uniaxial

183
Q

hinge joints

A

like hinge of a door
uniaxial

184
Q

pivot joints

A

one bone rotates on its longitudinal axis
uniaxial

185
Q

condylar joints

A

oval, concave surface of one bone, convex to the other
biaxial

186
Q

saddle joints

A

joint surfaces resemble saddle shape
biaxial

187
Q

ball and socket joints

A

spherical head into cuplike socket
multiaxial

188
Q

gliding motion

A

two opposing articular surfaces slide past each other in almost every direction; amount of movement is minimal

189
Q

rotational motion

A

a bone turns on its longitudinal axis

190
Q

angular motion

A

the angle between articulating bones increases or decreases
ex: flexion, adduction

191
Q

what is Myasthenia Gravis (MG) and Lambert Eaton Syndrome (LES)

A

both are diseases of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) but affect different regions of the NMJ
produces weak muscles

192
Q

is MG autoimmune

A

yes
antibodies against ACh receptors

193
Q

is LES autoimmune

A

yes
antibodies against voltage-gated calcium channels on the pre synaptic membrane

194
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

195
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

pulls on skeletal bones, voluntary contraction - somatic nervous system

196
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

pushes blood through arteries and veins
rhythmic involuntary contractions ( pacemaker cells, autonomic nervous system )

197
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

pushes fluids and solids along the digestive tract, moves oocyte along the fallopian tube, move sperm along the ductus deferens, move urine along the ureter, dilates and constricts blood vessels
involuntary contraction - autonomic nervous system (ANS)

198
Q

properties of a muscle tissue

A

excitability , conductivity, contractility, elasticity, extensibility

199
Q

excitability

A

ability to respond to stimuli

200
Q

conductivity

A

ability to transmit electrical events along the cell membrane

201
Q

contractility

A

the ability to generate tension and shorten cell length
- sliding of contractile proteins in muscle cells leads to body movements and other muscle functions

202
Q

elasticity

A

ability to return to resting length after shortening or lengthening

203
Q

extensibility

A

ability to be stretched beyond resting length

204
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • muscle and muscle fibers vary in shape and size
  • usually attached to bone
  • each muscle contains all tissue types
205
Q

function of a skeletal muscle

A

body movement, maintenance of posture, protection and support, regulating elimination of materials, heat production

206
Q

fasicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers

207
Q

myofibrils

A

complex, cylindrical organelles

208
Q

what is the structural organization of skeletal muscle

A

skeletal muscle > fascicle > muscle fiber > myofibrils > myofilaments

209
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds and insulates each muscle fiber
- areolar CT and reticular fibers

210
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds fascicles
- dense irregular CT

211
Q

epimysium

A

surrounds entire muscle
- dense irregular CT

212
Q

tendon

A

formed by the CT layers
- cord-like structure

213
Q

aponeurosis

A

thin, flattened CT attachment
- sheet like structure

214
Q

origin

A

less mobile attachment site

215
Q

insertion

A

more mobile attachment site

216
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane

217
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm

218
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth er
- stores calcium ions to initiate a muscle contraction

219
Q

transverse tubules

A

deep invaginations of sarcolemma; passage of impulse

220
Q

terminal cisternae

A

expanded ends of SR

221
Q

triad

A

2 terminal cisterna and 1 transverse tubule

222
Q

what do myofibrils consist of

A

thick - myosin
myosin heads
consists of bundles of myofilaments

thin - actin
troponin
tropomyosin

223
Q

what is a sarcomere

A

a functional unit within a myofibril
spans from Z disc to the next Z disc

224
Q

how does a contraction of skeletal muscle work

A

contracting muscles pull on tendons to produce movement
to pull, muscles develop tension as their sarcomeres shorten
for sarcomeres to shorten, thick filaments attach to thin filaments and pull them toward the centers of the sarcomeres

225
Q

synaptic knob/terminal button

A

tip of telodendria

226
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

membrane sacs in synaptic knob, filled with acetylcholine

227
Q

synaptic cleft

A

narrow space separating synaptic knob and motor end plate

228
Q

motor end plate

A

region of sarcolemma with many folds

229
Q

A Ch receptor

A

a protein that bind ACh on motor end plate

230
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

an enzyme in synaptic cleft that breaks down ACh

231
Q

agonist ( prime mover)

A

muscle that contract to perform a particular movement
ex: triceps brachii an against of forearm extension

232
Q

antagonist

A

muscle whose action opposes the agonist

233
Q

synergist

A

muscle that assists the agonist in performing its action

234
Q

what are the two components to sensory nerves

A

somatic sensory and visceral sensory
- somatic : touch, pain, pressure
- visceral : input from blood vessels

235
Q

what are the two components to motor nerves

A

somatic motor and autonomic motor
somatic : conducts impulses that cause a contraction in skeletal muscles
autonomic: conducts impulses that regulate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

236
Q

glial cells

A

non excitable cells that support and protect the neurons

237
Q

neurons

A

electrically excitable cells that initiate, transmit, and recieve nerve impulseswha

238
Q

what are the four types of glial cells in CNS

A

astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes

239
Q

what are the two types of glial cells in PNS

A

schwann cells and satilite cells

240
Q

astrocyte

A

BBB, large cell with numerous processes, supports neuronal health

241
Q

ependymal cell

A

lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord, assists in the production and circulation of CSF

242
Q

MICROGILAL cells

A

defends against pathogens, removes debris, phagocytizes waste

243
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

rounded cells with cytoplasmic extensions, associated with CNS axons only , produces a myelin sheath which insulates the axon

244
Q

satellite cells

A

flat cells that are clustered around neuronal cell bodies in ganglia , regulate fluid composition around neuron cell body in ganglia

245
Q

schwann cells ( neurolemmocytes)

A

associated with PNS axons only , produces myelin sheath which insulates the axon, similar in structure and function to the oligodendrocytes

246
Q

endoneurium

A

surrounds each axon

247
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds fascicles

248
Q

epineurium

A

surrounds bundles of fascicles

Human Anatomy Fall 2023 (6 decks)

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