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Systems of Neuroscience > exam three (biorhythms) > Flashcards

exam three (biorhythms) Flashcards

1
Q

classical method of recording brain rhythms in cerebral cortex (hans berger)

A

EEG

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2
Q

timing of physiological function according to brain clock

A

circadian rhythm

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3
Q

to record brain waves voltage fluctuations between ___ ___ are measured

A

electrode pairs

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4
Q

electrode pairs measure electrical activity across what

A

two different cortical regions

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5
Q

eeg detects very small electrical fields generated by synaptic currents in ____ ____

A

cortical pyramidal

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6
Q

presynaptic release of _____ opens postsynaptic ion channels on cortical pyramidal cells

A

glutamate

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7
Q

positive current flows into pyramidal cell dendrite and leaves a slight _____ charge in extracellular fluid

A

negative

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8
Q

the positive current spreads through the dendrite and gradually escapes leaving ____ ___ more positive

A

intracellular fluid

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9
Q

activity across a ______ of cortical pyramidal cells is recorded by a single electrode and summed

A

population

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10
Q

small EEG signals generated by ______ activity

A

asynchronous

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11
Q

large EEG signals generated by _____ activity

A

synchronous

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12
Q

in the case of an EEG it is not the number of neurons activated but their _____

A

synchrony

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13
Q

quiet, waking state

A

alpha

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14
Q

light sleep

A

theta

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15
Q

deep sleep

A

delta

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16
Q

activated cortex

A

beta

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17
Q

activated, attentive cortex

A

gamma

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18
Q

high synchrony, high EEG amplitude, low frequency

A

deep sleep (delta)

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19
Q

low synchrony, low EEG, high frequency

A

alert and awake

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20
Q

records small differences in _____ signals generated by neural activity

A

magnetic

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21
Q

mechanisms of synchronous rhythms: a simple model oscillator with one ____ and ____ neuron

A

excitatory and inhibitory; constant excitatory inout will tend to trade back and forth creating a rhythm

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22
Q

there are two idea of what controls synchronous rhythms: the first idea is that cells take cues from a ____ _____;

A

master pacemaker

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23
Q

there are two idea of what controls synchronous rhythms: the second idea is ___ ____; many cells distribute timing function among themselves

A

collective collaboration

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24
Q

what structure is the master clock; has massive inputs to cortex

A

thalamus

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25
Q

_____ people will experience a seizure

A

7-10%

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26
Q

identified with a specific cause (infection, trauma, tumor, ect.)

A

symptomatic seizure

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27
Q

appears spontaneously in the absence of other CNS diseases

A

idiopathic seizures

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28
Q

repeated seizures- a level of synchrony generally not seen during normal behavior

A

epilepsy

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29
Q

entire cerebral cortex, complete behavioral disruption, loss of consciousness

A

generalized epilepsy

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30
Q

specific cortical area, may be associated with abnormal sensation or aura

A

partial or focal epilepsy

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31
Q

what are three symptoms of epileptic episodes

A

aura, motor component, loss of consciousness

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32
Q

originate mostly in temporal lobe, characterized by subjective experiences, automatisms or postural changes

A

complex partial seizure

33
Q

patient H.M had a temporal lobectomy that had no effect onn

A

perception, intelligence, or personality

34
Q

of brief duration, characterized by a loss of awareness with no motor activity except head or rolling eyes

A

petit mal

35
Q

characterized by loss of consciousness and stereotypes motor activity

A

grand mal

36
Q

stages of grand mal:
body stiffens and breathing stops

A

tonic stage

37
Q

stages of grand mal: rhythmic shaking

A

clonic stage

38
Q

stages of grand mal:
post seizure state of confusion

A

postictal depression

39
Q

less than 30 sec. of generalized seizure, generally childhood from

A

absence seizure

40
Q

during generalized epileptic seizure what is EEG signature

A

synchronized activity across scalp

41
Q

these drugs inhibit discharge of abnormal neurons by stabilizing the neuronal membrane

A

anticonvulsant medications

42
Q

readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to and with environment

A

sleep

43
Q

stages 1-4 of sleep are

A

non-REM

44
Q

periods get longer over sleep cycle; more vivid dreams; atonia

A

REM sleep

45
Q

humans average around ___ sleep cycles per night

A

90 minutes

46
Q

sleep deprivation does lead to decreased cog. performance on tasks that require

A

attention

47
Q

brief period of sleep lasting a second or so

A

microsleep

48
Q

in sleep deprivation studies subjects show an increased tendency to

A

enter REM more readily in subsequent sleep sessions

49
Q

subjects spend more time in REM after deprivation; what is this called?

A

REM rebound

50
Q

process of shifitng a memory to new location occurs during sleep and is called

A

consolidation

51
Q

____ memory consolidation in non REM

A

explicit (episodic)

52
Q

____ memory consolidation in REM

A

implicit (motor skills)

53
Q

hippocampal neuron that fires when a rat is in a certain location in an environment

A

place cell

54
Q

during periods of ___ sleep after the food search activity of place cells become correlated

A

NREM

55
Q

lesions in the midline structures (reticular activating system) of the brain stem produced states of consciousness like

A

NREM

56
Q

when the midline (reticular activating system) is electrically stimulated it caused the cortex to from NREM to

A

aroused and alert state

57
Q

(diffuse modulatory NT systems) what neurons are active during waking state and enhance waking state

A

noradrenergic and seratoninergic

58
Q

(diffuse modulatory NT systems) active during waking state and also enhance REM events

A

cholinergic neurons

59
Q

diffuse modulatory NT systems ___ rhythmic behavior of thalamus and ______ asynchronicity

A

decrease; increase

60
Q

_____ has been associated with loss of hypocretin containing neurons (acetylcholine, seratonin, NE )

A

narcolepsy

61
Q

progression of EEG changes ending in NREM sleep state

A

sleep

62
Q

REM-on is due to ACh cells in pons, _____ firing just prior to REM sleep

A

increase

63
Q

REM-off (5-HT and NE) cells in raphe and upper brainstem ____ firing just prior NREM sleep

A

increase

64
Q

sleep promoting factor; accumulates over waking period, then decreases during sleep

A

adenosine

65
Q

produced by wake-promoting Ach neurons; concentrations increase over waking period (stim. release of adenosine)

A

Nitric Oxide

66
Q

synthesized in brain, stimulates immune system and peaks before sleep

A

cytokine (interleukin-1)

67
Q

____% of genes exhibited differences of expression levels between sleeping and waking

A

0.5

68
Q

cirelli and tononi found that genes which increased in sleeping rats are used for (changes were brain specific)

A

protein synthesis and plasticity related genes

69
Q

circadian rhythms will continue even if daylight is removed; true or false?

A

true

70
Q

name for environmental time cues that we become entrained to

A

zeitgebers

71
Q

intact SCN produces rhythmic message: SCN cell firing rate varies with circadian rhythm, light input _____ clock

A

resets

72
Q

action potentials are not keeping time in SCN because ___ applied to these neurons does not disrupt rhythm

A

TTX

73
Q

a photoreceptor that is not a rod or cone that contains ____ slowly excited by light

A

melanopsin

74
Q

the melanopsin synapses where

A

SCN neurons

75
Q

if SCN is damaged what happens

A

daily activities occur haphazardly

76
Q

the ___ is the master clock but almost every cell in the body has its own clock

A

SCN

77
Q

the SCN neurons maintain ______ activity in the absense of output and input

A

rhythmic

78
Q
A

Systems of Neuroscience (13 decks)

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