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Biology > EXAM TECHNIQUE > Flashcards

EXAM TECHNIQUE Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

adult stem cells benefit

A

are multipotent so can differetiate into any cell type.

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2
Q

random error proof

A

large standard deviations

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3
Q

no oxygen in plants cause

A

aerobic respiration cant take place, so plants resot to anaerobic where fermentation occurs..ethanol is toxic

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4
Q

where are photosynthetic pigment found

A

in the thylakoid membrane in the photosystem

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5
Q

leghaemoglobin

A

removes excess o2 so less inhibition and remvoes co to prevent inhibition

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6
Q

mast cells

A

release histamine

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7
Q

regulatory genes

A

make repressor protein

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8
Q

voluntary muscles

A

intercostal muscle

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9
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS consists of brain and spinal chord and conatains many synapses
PNS consists of nerves, a sympathetic parasympathetic system, contains sensory and motor neurons

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10
Q

what nucleic acid holds bases together

A

mrna

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11
Q

how is plant protein converted into animal protein

A

animals ingest and hydrolyse protein into amino acids,the amino acids then travel in the blood for protein synthesis

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12
Q

why do we need to conserve plants and animals

A

to maintain genetic resources as they can be used to help if the conditions change in the future.Maintains biodiversity and can be used for genetic engineering.

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13
Q

why does soil nitrate concentration decrease by monoculture

A

as plant continues to use nitrates so less decay so less recycling of nitrogen

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14
Q

what are the final hydrogen acceptors for anaerobic respiration

A

pyruvate for animals/plants
ethanal for yeast

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15
Q

how is adh removed from body

A

in the liver adh is hydrolysed and deaminated. In the kidneys it is filtered from the blood into nephron as it is a small molecule.Adh is present in urin and thus excreted.

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16
Q

How does adrenaline cause different effects in different target tissues

A

different tissues have different receptors
this causes camp concentration to increase/decrease
secondary messenger may be different so camp activates different enzymes

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17
Q

hormonal and nervous mechanisms of heart rate

A

H-adrenaline increases heart rate. Medulla oblongata controls heart rate
N-SAN controls the frequency of excitation. Vagus nerve decreases heart rate accelerator nerve increases heart rate.Low ph detected by chemoreceptors(decreased heart rate). High blood pressure is detected by stretch receptors.

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18
Q

why are more females used than males

A

males can farther many offspring so more females are needed to maintain genetic variation.

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19
Q

genotype

A

combination of alleles
possessed by an organism

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20
Q

allele

A

different versions of a gene

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21
Q

why can something be classed as an amino acid

A

as have amine and carboxyl group

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22
Q

endocrine vs exocrine glands in pancreas

A

endocrine :hormone(s) released directly into blood ;
beta cells secrete insulin ;
alpha secrete glucagon ;
islet detects blood glucose concentration ;
exocrine: fluid secreted into the duct. the release triggered by nervous stimulation. pancreatic secretions go into the small intestine eg amylase and trypsin

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23
Q

source of co2 for plants

A

sodium hydrogen carbonate

24
Q

why is feeding animals antibiotics good

A

prevents disease
digest food more quickly
more energy can be used for growth

25
Q

why does the hydrostatic pressure of the blood drop as blood moves away from the heart

A

the number of vessels increases
vesssels have a larger total lumen
less resistance to blood flow

26
Q

differences in which the plant and animal hormones operate

A

made in endocrine glands bs plant tissue
move in blood vs moves in xylem or phloem
acts on specific tissue acts on all tissues

27
Q

why do you keep variables the same

A

as a control to make the experiment valid

28
Q

precise location of the etc

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

29
Q

loop of henle role

A

causes a decrease in water potential
in ascending limb acitva transport of sodian and chloride ions out of the limb
walls of descending limb permeable to water
water removed from filtrate in urine

30
Q

importance of junctions between neurones

A

ensures movement of action potential in one direction only
one neurone can connect to many neurones
allows summation
filters out low level stimuli

31
Q

sites of processes in respiration

A

glycolysis-cytoplasm
link-mitochondrial matrix
krebs-mitochondrial matrix
oxidative phosphorylation-inner mitochondrial membrane. protons pumped from the matrix into intermembrane space

32
Q

keystone species

A

have a significant effect on the ecosystem
many other species rely on them

33
Q

mitosis uses

A

for growth and repair
for asexual reproduction
for proliferation of wbc
development of body plan
new stem cells
producing gametes from haploid cells

34
Q

bioinformatics

A

facilitates access to large amounts of data
can find data on DNA and proteins
can identify sources of the outbreak
can identify vulnerable groups of people

35
Q

how does allele b inhibit expression of allele a

A

b codes for a repressor protein
b binds to promoter region stopping protein synthesis thus inhibits enzyme encoded by A

36
Q

production of atp by substrate level phosphorylation

A

2 atp is made from glycolysis when tp is converted into pyruvate
1 ATP produced per turn of Krebs cycle when 5c compound converted o oxaloacetate

37
Q

phylogentic approach

A

no need to test for interbreeding ;
ref. common ancestor / monophyletic groups ;
can apply to organisms that reproduce asexually ;
can apply to, extinct organisms / fossils ;

38
Q

electrophoresis

A

puts dna in size order

39
Q

highest respiratory quotient

A

contains highest proportion of oxygen and lowest proportion of C-H

40
Q

inbreeding

A

reduces genetic diversity as more homologous recessive alleles are present

41
Q

to make dna profile

A

1)amplify dna
2)cut with restricton enzyme
3)use gel electrophoresis
4)transfer to paper
5)add fluorescent probe
6)use UV to see DNA fragements

42
Q

uses of dna profiling

A

paternity tests
forensic science
classification
assess disease risk

43
Q

how to conserve

A

control grazing
restrict human access
remove invasive species

44
Q

gmo insulin

A

high purity
less risk of allergic reaction
lower production cost
overcomes religious issues

45
Q

plasma proteins

A

large plasma proteins cant pass through capillary walls
imbalance of large proteins between blood and tissue fluid causes oncotic pressure.

46
Q

cytokines

A

assist binding to phagocytes

47
Q

glucose vs starch

A

glucose
monomers, monosaccharide,no glycosidic bonds
starch
polymer polysaccharides glycosidic bonds

48
Q

hardy weinberge

A

population must be large
no random mating
no emigration

49
Q

disadvantages of immbolised enzymes

A

higher initial costs
fewer exposed active sites
immobilization might affect shape of active site

50
Q

aldosterone causes

A
  • sodium ions pumped out of collecting duct cells (into
    tissue fluid) (and potassium ions pumped in)
  • lowers water potential in tissue fluid
  • concentration gradient established
  • sodium ions reabsorbed from the collecting duct lumen
  • water diffuses into collecting duct cells / out of lumen via
    osmo
    increses sodium ions increses blood volume and pressure
51
Q

liposomes

A

Liposomes are small artificial vesicles of spherical shape that can be created from cholesterol and natural non-toxic phospholipids. Due to their size and hydrophobic and hydrophilic character(besides biocompatibility), liposomes are promising systems for drug delivery

52
Q

biosensosrs

A

can be used to find concetrations

53
Q

conservation vs preservation

A

conservation is the active management of ecosystem
preservation leaves ecosystem undisturbed

54
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum population size of species that can e sustained

55
Q

ecosystem

A

all living organisms and non living components and their interactions

56
Q

how to obtain genes

A

cdna libraries
polynucleotide sequencing

57
Q

explain the role of atp in the cell

A

atp transfers energy
phosphates are removed via hydrolysis
the energy released for muscle contraction
the energy released in small packets to prevent damage to the cell
adp can attach a phosphate during respiration

Biology (25 decks)

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