EXAM TECHNIQUE Flashcards
adult stem cells benefit
are multipotent so can differetiate into any cell type.
random error proof
large standard deviations
no oxygen in plants cause
aerobic respiration cant take place, so plants resot to anaerobic where fermentation occurs..ethanol is toxic
where are photosynthetic pigment found
in the thylakoid membrane in the photosystem
leghaemoglobin
removes excess o2 so less inhibition and remvoes co to prevent inhibition
mast cells
release histamine
regulatory genes
make repressor protein
voluntary muscles
intercostal muscle
CNS vs PNS
CNS consists of brain and spinal chord and conatains many synapses
PNS consists of nerves, a sympathetic parasympathetic system, contains sensory and motor neurons
what nucleic acid holds bases together
mrna
how is plant protein converted into animal protein
animals ingest and hydrolyse protein into amino acids,the amino acids then travel in the blood for protein synthesis
why do we need to conserve plants and animals
to maintain genetic resources as they can be used to help if the conditions change in the future.Maintains biodiversity and can be used for genetic engineering.
why does soil nitrate concentration decrease by monoculture
as plant continues to use nitrates so less decay so less recycling of nitrogen
what are the final hydrogen acceptors for anaerobic respiration
pyruvate for animals/plants
ethanal for yeast
how is adh removed from body
in the liver adh is hydrolysed and deaminated. In the kidneys it is filtered from the blood into nephron as it is a small molecule.Adh is present in urin and thus excreted.
How does adrenaline cause different effects in different target tissues
different tissues have different receptors
this causes camp concentration to increase/decrease
secondary messenger may be different so camp activates different enzymes
hormonal and nervous mechanisms of heart rate
H-adrenaline increases heart rate. Medulla oblongata controls heart rate
N-SAN controls the frequency of excitation. Vagus nerve decreases heart rate accelerator nerve increases heart rate.Low ph detected by chemoreceptors(decreased heart rate). High blood pressure is detected by stretch receptors.
why are more females used than males
males can farther many offspring so more females are needed to maintain genetic variation.
genotype
combination of alleles
possessed by an organism
allele
different versions of a gene
why can something be classed as an amino acid
as have amine and carboxyl group
endocrine vs exocrine glands in pancreas
endocrine :hormone(s) released directly into blood ;
beta cells secrete insulin ;
alpha secrete glucagon ;
islet detects blood glucose concentration ;
exocrine: fluid secreted into the duct. the release triggered by nervous stimulation. pancreatic secretions go into the small intestine eg amylase and trypsin
source of co2 for plants
sodium hydrogen carbonate
why is feeding animals antibiotics good
prevents disease
digest food more quickly
more energy can be used for growth
why does the hydrostatic pressure of the blood drop as blood moves away from the heart
the number of vessels increases
vesssels have a larger total lumen
less resistance to blood flow
differences in which the plant and animal hormones operate
made in endocrine glands bs plant tissue
move in blood vs moves in xylem or phloem
acts on specific tissue acts on all tissues
why do you keep variables the same
as a control to make the experiment valid
precise location of the etc
inner mitochondrial membrane
loop of henle role
causes a decrease in water potential
in ascending limb acitva transport of sodian and chloride ions out of the limb
walls of descending limb permeable to water
water removed from filtrate in urine
importance of junctions between neurones
ensures movement of action potential in one direction only
one neurone can connect to many neurones
allows summation
filters out low level stimuli
sites of processes in respiration
glycolysis-cytoplasm
link-mitochondrial matrix
krebs-mitochondrial matrix
oxidative phosphorylation-inner mitochondrial membrane. protons pumped from the matrix into intermembrane space
keystone species
have a significant effect on the ecosystem
many other species rely on them
mitosis uses
for growth and repair
for asexual reproduction
for proliferation of wbc
development of body plan
new stem cells
producing gametes from haploid cells
bioinformatics
facilitates access to large amounts of data
can find data on DNA and proteins
can identify sources of the outbreak
can identify vulnerable groups of people
how does allele b inhibit expression of allele a
b codes for a repressor protein
b binds to promoter region stopping protein synthesis thus inhibits enzyme encoded by A
production of atp by substrate level phosphorylation
2 atp is made from glycolysis when tp is converted into pyruvate
1 ATP produced per turn of Krebs cycle when 5c compound converted o oxaloacetate
phylogentic approach
no need to test for interbreeding ;
ref. common ancestor / monophyletic groups ;
can apply to organisms that reproduce asexually ;
can apply to, extinct organisms / fossils ;
electrophoresis
puts dna in size order
highest respiratory quotient
contains highest proportion of oxygen and lowest proportion of C-H
inbreeding
reduces genetic diversity as more homologous recessive alleles are present
to make dna profile
1)amplify dna
2)cut with restricton enzyme
3)use gel electrophoresis
4)transfer to paper
5)add fluorescent probe
6)use UV to see DNA fragements
uses of dna profiling
paternity tests
forensic science
classification
assess disease risk
how to conserve
control grazing
restrict human access
remove invasive species
gmo insulin
high purity
less risk of allergic reaction
lower production cost
overcomes religious issues
plasma proteins
large plasma proteins cant pass through capillary walls
imbalance of large proteins between blood and tissue fluid causes oncotic pressure.
cytokines
assist binding to phagocytes
glucose vs starch
glucose
monomers, monosaccharide,no glycosidic bonds
starch
polymer polysaccharides glycosidic bonds
hardy weinberge
population must be large
no random mating
no emigration
disadvantages of immbolised enzymes
higher initial costs
fewer exposed active sites
immobilization might affect shape of active site
aldosterone causes
- sodium ions pumped out of collecting duct cells (into
tissue fluid) (and potassium ions pumped in) - lowers water potential in tissue fluid
- concentration gradient established
- sodium ions reabsorbed from the collecting duct lumen
- water diffuses into collecting duct cells / out of lumen via
osmo
increses sodium ions increses blood volume and pressure
liposomes
Liposomes are small artificial vesicles of spherical shape that can be created from cholesterol and natural non-toxic phospholipids. Due to their size and hydrophobic and hydrophilic character(besides biocompatibility), liposomes are promising systems for drug delivery
biosensosrs
can be used to find concetrations
conservation vs preservation
conservation is the active management of ecosystem
preservation leaves ecosystem undisturbed
carrying capacity
the maximum population size of species that can e sustained
ecosystem
all living organisms and non living components and their interactions
how to obtain genes
cdna libraries
polynucleotide sequencing
explain the role of atp in the cell
atp transfers energy
phosphates are removed via hydrolysis
the energy released for muscle contraction
the energy released in small packets to prevent damage to the cell
adp can attach a phosphate during respiration
