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EXAM TECHNIQUE Flashcards

1
Q

adult stem cells benefit

A

are multipotent so can differetiate into any cell type.

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2
Q

random error proof

A

large standard deviations

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3
Q

no oxygen in plants cause

A

aerobic respiration cant take place, so plants resot to anaerobic where fermentation occurs..ethanol is toxic

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4
Q

where are photosynthetic pigment found

A

in the thylakoid membrane in the photosystem

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5
Q

leghaemoglobin

A

removes excess o2 so less inhibition and remvoes co to prevent inhibition

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6
Q

mast cells

A

release histamine

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7
Q

regulatory genes

A

make repressor protein

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8
Q

voluntary muscles

A

intercostal muscle

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9
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS consists of brain and spinal chord and conatains many synapses
PNS consists of nerves, a sympathetic parasympathetic system, contains sensory and motor neurons

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10
Q

what nucleic acid holds bases together

A

mrna

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11
Q

how is plant protein converted into animal protein

A

animals ingest and hydrolyse protein into amino acids,the amino acids then travel in the blood for protein synthesis

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12
Q

why do we need to conserve plants and animals

A

to maintain genetic resources as they can be used to help if the conditions change in the future.Maintains biodiversity and can be used for genetic engineering.

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13
Q

why does soil nitrate concentration decrease by monoculture

A

as plant continues to use nitrates so less decay so less recycling of nitrogen

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14
Q

what are the final hydrogen acceptors for anaerobic respiration

A

pyruvate for animals/plants
ethanal for yeast

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15
Q

how is adh removed from body

A

in the liver adh is hydrolysed and deaminated. In the kidneys it is filtered from the blood into nephron as it is a small molecule.Adh is present in urin and thus excreted.

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16
Q

How does adrenaline cause different effects in different target tissues

A

different tissues have different receptors
this causes camp concentration to increase/decrease
secondary messenger may be different so camp activates different enzymes

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17
Q

hormonal and nervous mechanisms of heart rate

A

H-adrenaline increases heart rate. Medulla oblongata controls heart rate
N-SAN controls the frequency of excitation. Vagus nerve decreases heart rate accelerator nerve increases heart rate.Low ph detected by chemoreceptors(decreased heart rate). High blood pressure is detected by stretch receptors.

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18
Q

why are more females used than males

A

males can farther many offspring so more females are needed to maintain genetic variation.

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19
Q

genotype

A

combination of alleles
possessed by an organism

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20
Q

allele

A

different versions of a gene

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21
Q

why can something be classed as an amino acid

A

as have amine and carboxyl group

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22
Q

endocrine vs exocrine glands in pancreas

A

endocrine :hormone(s) released directly into blood ;
beta cells secrete insulin ;
alpha secrete glucagon ;
islet detects blood glucose concentration ;
exocrine: fluid secreted into the duct. the release triggered by nervous stimulation. pancreatic secretions go into the small intestine eg amylase and trypsin

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23
Q

source of co2 for plants

A

sodium hydrogen carbonate

24
Q

why is feeding animals antibiotics good

A

prevents disease
digest food more quickly
more energy can be used for growth

25
why does the hydrostatic pressure of the blood drop as blood moves away from the heart
the number of vessels increases vesssels have a larger total lumen less resistance to blood flow
26
differences in which the plant and animal hormones operate
made in endocrine glands bs plant tissue move in blood vs moves in xylem or phloem acts on specific tissue acts on all tissues
27
why do you keep variables the same
as a control to make the experiment valid
28
precise location of the etc
inner mitochondrial membrane
29
loop of henle role
causes a decrease in water potential in ascending limb acitva transport of sodian and chloride ions out of the limb walls of descending limb permeable to water water removed from filtrate in urine
30
importance of junctions between neurones
ensures movement of action potential in one direction only one neurone can connect to many neurones allows summation filters out low level stimuli
31
sites of processes in respiration
glycolysis-cytoplasm link-mitochondrial matrix krebs-mitochondrial matrix oxidative phosphorylation-inner mitochondrial membrane. protons pumped from the matrix into intermembrane space
32
keystone species
have a significant effect on the ecosystem many other species rely on them
33
mitosis uses
for growth and repair for asexual reproduction for proliferation of wbc development of body plan new stem cells producing gametes from haploid cells
34
bioinformatics
facilitates access to large amounts of data can find data on DNA and proteins can identify sources of the outbreak can identify vulnerable groups of people
35
how does allele b inhibit expression of allele a
b codes for a repressor protein b binds to promoter region stopping protein synthesis thus inhibits enzyme encoded by A
36
production of atp by substrate level phosphorylation
2 atp is made from glycolysis when tp is converted into pyruvate 1 ATP produced per turn of Krebs cycle when 5c compound converted o oxaloacetate
37
phylogentic approach
no need to test for interbreeding ; ref. common ancestor / monophyletic groups ; can apply to organisms that reproduce asexually ; can apply to, extinct organisms / fossils ;
38
electrophoresis
puts dna in size order
39
highest respiratory quotient
contains highest proportion of oxygen and lowest proportion of C-H
40
inbreeding
reduces genetic diversity as more homologous recessive alleles are present
41
to make dna profile
1)amplify dna 2)cut with restricton enzyme 3)use gel electrophoresis 4)transfer to paper 5)add fluorescent probe 6)use UV to see DNA fragements
42
uses of dna profiling
paternity tests forensic science classification assess disease risk
43
how to conserve
control grazing restrict human access remove invasive species
44
gmo insulin
high purity less risk of allergic reaction lower production cost overcomes religious issues
45
plasma proteins
large plasma proteins cant pass through capillary walls imbalance of large proteins between blood and tissue fluid causes oncotic pressure.
46
cytokines
assist binding to phagocytes
47
glucose vs starch
glucose monomers, monosaccharide,no glycosidic bonds starch polymer polysaccharides glycosidic bonds
48
hardy weinberge
population must be large no random mating no emigration
49
disadvantages of immbolised enzymes
higher initial costs fewer exposed active sites immobilization might affect shape of active site
50
aldosterone causes
* sodium ions pumped out of collecting duct cells (into tissue fluid) (and potassium ions pumped in) * lowers water potential in tissue fluid * concentration gradient established * sodium ions reabsorbed from the collecting duct lumen * water diffuses into collecting duct cells / out of lumen via osmo increses sodium ions increses blood volume and pressure
51
liposomes
Liposomes are small artificial vesicles of spherical shape that can be created from cholesterol and natural non-toxic phospholipids. Due to their size and hydrophobic and hydrophilic character(besides biocompatibility), liposomes are promising systems for drug delivery
52
biosensosrs
can be used to find concetrations
53
conservation vs preservation
conservation is the active management of ecosystem preservation leaves ecosystem undisturbed
54
carrying capacity
the maximum population size of species that can e sustained
55
ecosystem
all living organisms and non living components and their interactions
56
how to obtain genes
cdna libraries polynucleotide sequencing
57
explain the role of atp in the cell
atp transfers energy phosphates are removed via hydrolysis the energy released for muscle contraction the energy released in small packets to prevent damage to the cell adp can attach a phosphate during respiration

Biology (25 decks)

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