Exam Short Answer Flashcards
What is cultural differentiation? How does it affect the theories of the settlements of North America by Indigenous peoples?
Various beliefs, behaviours, languages, and practices unique to a culture.
Cultural differentiation affected where Indigenous people settled, their traditions, diet, etc.
Explain and describe the significance of the government structure of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy
A Grand Council of 50 chiefs was established.
Each chief had one vote and decisions were made unanimously.
This government structure ensured that decisions considered all views.
Why is the Medicine Wheel important to FN? Describe one teaching
The medicine wheel is important because it shows the holistic approach of the FN.
The wheel highlighted the states of mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual health.
By visually ranking the state of each category, they could see which category that required work.
For example, if ones mental health was being neglected, the medicine wheel would help one visualize that and work on it.
What is egalitarianism and how are FN egalitarian?
Egalitarianism is the belief that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.
An example of this is the roles of sexes. While men and women had different roles, both were important and respected in FN societies.
Many women were caretakers, preparing food and crops, organized the village, prepared game, etc. Many men were hunters.
However, if a person was good at a particular skill, they could pursue that school no matter their gender.
What is the relationship with the land for FN?
FN did not believe they owned the land, but rather they were caretakers.
FN did not exploit resources or animals. Decisions about land and resources considered future generations and how it would affect them.
What purposes do oral traditions/stories fulfill?
Oral stories and traditions are part of its heritage and culture. Values and ideas about worldviews are passed down through generations to keep the culture alive.
Stories also entertain and educate along with its purpose of preserving cultural ideas.
How are Haudensosaunee communities “matrilineal”?
The descent of wealth, power, and other inheritances were passed down through the mother.
Why should we study indigenous history?
Indigenous history is an important topic to study because it helps us understand their culture, society, and way of life before the arrival of the Europeans. The arrival of the Europeans brought a drastic amount of changes, including the attempted assimilation of First Nations culture. By learning about FN culture, we can preserve their culture.
How was the expulsion of the Acadians seen as a “black mark on British imperial policy”?
Acadia was a French colony in Nova Scotia that was not part of Nouvelle-France. When Charles Lawrence became governor of Nova Scotia, he did not like that fact that the Acadians were neutral. Due to this opinion, he forced the Acadians to take another oath saying they would fight against France if needed, which they refused, so they were expelled.
This event can be seen as a “black mark” because the new oath was completely based off personal opinion. Not forcing Acadians to take a new oath would help mend the relationship between British and France by allowing the Acadians to keep their neutrality.
How did the Treaty of Utrecht affect NA?
The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) ended the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe, and fighting between British and French in NA. It balanced the power of Nouvelle-France.
The French surrendered almost all of Newfoundland, Hudson’s Bay, and Acadia to Britain.
Explain the Seigneurial System, its habitants, seigneurs, and their specific roles and duties.
The Seigneurial System is a method of land ownership where the Lord/Seigneur would rent out land to habitants.
Seigneurs included soldiers, merchants, and the Church.
Habitants included the French immigrants.
Seigneurs would rent out land to habitants and collect annual taxes.
Habitants would build houses, gristmill, and pay taxes to the Church and the Seigneur.
Why did the Europeans begin the Age of Exploration?
- Find a new trade route to Asia (trade route was cut off due to the fall of Constantinople)
- Promised wealth and profit in NA
- Catholic Church wanted to spread Christianity
- Technological advancements allowed them to travel (compass and astroblade)
- Europeans felt the need to compete with other countries to assert dominance.
What does “Terra Nullis” mean and how did it impact First Nations?
Latin for “land belonging to no one”. European explorers believed in this doctrine and claimed it for themselves, even though the First Nations were already living on the land.
Europeans also believed that because FN were not Christian, they could not own the land.
This doctrine is only the start of the FN unfair treatment by the rest of Canada’s habitants.
Explain FN vs European views on land ownership
FN: Land was a gift, they were guardians, NOT owners, land was used to benefit all creatures, buying/selling land was not part of their worldview.
European: Claimed land based on the Divine Right of Kings, Europeans had the right to rule by the Christian God, those who didn’t worship God had no right and their land could be taken.
Explain the roles of the Catholic Church in Nouvelle France. How were missionaries and religious orders different from fur traders?
The Church provided religious services for the colony and try to convert FN people, and to help with the social needs of the colony, providing education, hospitals, and assistance with the poor.
Missionaries had the job of spreading their religions, while fur traders traded with FN for beaver pelts.
Explain the significance of Les Filled du Roi
“The Kings Daughters”. Women were sent from France to Nouvelle-France to marry, raise a family, and become permanent residents. The purpose was to increase the population and give men opportunities to raise families.
Explain how Columbus’ ships can be viewed as “doom-burdened”
Columbus’ ships being doom burdened alludes to the fact that when Columbus arrives in North America, tragedy amongst the FN occurs, such as disease, war, and general unrest between Europeans and FN.
Why are Groseilliers and Pierre Radission significant?
Groseilliers and Radission are significant because they built the first European trading post by Lake Superior.
With the help of the British, they also acquired the Nonsuch and Eaglet to journey for fur.
After seeing its success, their main sponsor Prince Rupert was given a charter for the monopoly of HBC in all land whose rivers drained into the Hudson’s Bay.
What are the tensions and conflicts between the HBC and NWC?
After the NWC was created, it refused to recognized HBC’s monopoly in Rupert’s Land. They continued to travel with FN to trade with them, forcing HBC to adopt that technique as well.
NWC built inland posts in the west, so HBC followed along.
What were the negatives of the expansion of trade into the Northwest for the FN?
Fur traders carried smallpox, the flu, measles, and the scarlet fever, wiping out FN in the West.
An uneven distribution of firearms among the FN in the Great Lakes caused deadly conflicts between the Cree and Assiniboine.
What are the advantages of the birch-bark canoe? York boat? Which would you choose and why?
Birch-bark canoes were light, could carry several times their weight, easily repaired, and moved through water easily.
York boats were larger, carried a greater load, have a longer lifespan, and more stable in rough waters.
I would choose the york boats if going on long journeys, but the birch-bark canoe for shorter expeditions.
Why did Lord Durham propose a union of all 6 BNA colonies?
In Upper Canada, the Family Compact was “petty corrupt, and insolent”. In Lower Canada, the blame for rebellions and divisions were put on the French Canadiens.
Lord Durham proposed a union to assimilate Lower Canada’s Canadien population, because they have “no history and no literature”.
What are the 6 main changes in the Quebec Act? Why do some claim that the Quebec Act “guaranteed the survival of French Canada”?
- Enlarged the size of Quebec
- Did not provide an elected assembly
- Appointed council open to French Canadiens
- Re-established French property and civil law
- Retained Seigneurial System
- Established freedom of worship for Catholics and reinstated a tax to support the Catholics
When USA declared war in 1812, why did some Americans thought it would be “a mere matter marching”?
Some Americans thought it would be “a mere matter marching” because the Americans had a clear advantage. They had double the amount of soldiers as the British, so acquiring Canada wouldn’t be difficult in theory.
In 1812, why did Sir Isaac Brock not trust the people of Upper Canada? Why is he seen as the saviour of Upper Canada?
Sir Isaac Brock did not trust Upper Canada because many people were American immigrants and most of the population felt the war was a lost cause with no hope of victory.
He is seen as the saviour of Upper Canada because he was able to defeat America without a single casualty.
