Chapter 2 Test

Question 1

Northwest Passage

Answer 1

A sea lane through the Arctic linking the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; to date, the Northwest Passage has not been easily navigable.

Europeans looked for this passage after they could no longer trade with Asia.

Question 2

Mercantilism

Answer 2

An economic theory that a country can accumulate wealth by importing raw materials from and exporting manufactured goods to colonies

Mercantilism convinced that Europeans should establish permanent settlements to gain access to raw materials and sell goods.

Question 3

Colonialism

Answer 3

The practice of one country exercising political, economic, and cultural power and control over another region or people

Spain, Portugal, Britain, and France competed to colonize the First Nation inhabited North America.

Question 4

Monopoly

Answer 4

Exclusive rights to trade or conduct business in a particular area

A company founded by King Henri IV was given a monopoly in Acadia. This monopoly, which was later revoked, gave France a large advantage in trading with First Nations and other communities.

Question 5

Parish

Answer 5

A community organized around a church

The Catholic church helped with social needs, provided education, healthcare, and tried to convert First Nations to catholicism.

Question 6

Jesuits

Answer 6

Missionaries from a Roman Catholic order known as the Society of Jesus that provided religious, educational, and social support to colonists in Nouvelle-France

Jesuits had a main goal of converting First Nations to Christianity, which they thought was their service to humanity.

Question 7

Seigneurial system

Answer 7

A method of land ownership in which a lord seigneur rents out land to habitants who farm the land.

Land grants were given to soldiers, merchants, and the Church. This system, including the collection of taxes from the Church caused Nouvelle-France to continuing growing.

Question 8

Coureurs de bois

Answer 8

Unlicensed French Fur Traders who travelled among and lived with First Nations of the Northwest.

After a shortage of beaver fur, a highly prized material amongst the Europeans, a group of French traders went north to acquire beaver fur and lived with First Nations. These “runners of the woods” ended up liking the culture and lifestyle of the First Nations more than their French community.

Question 9

Filles du roi

Answer 9

Young French women forcibly sent to Nouvelle-France to become the wives of colonists.

In Nouvelle-France, there was only one woman for every 6 men, so the government searched for single and widowed women in France to send to Nouvelle-France. These women were supposed to build families in Nouvelle-France and expand its population and presence in Nouvelle-France.

Question 10

Treaty of Utrecht

Answer 10

(1713) A treaty between Britain and France in which Nouvelle-France lost territories to British control.

The British and French were fighting for the east coast of North America, and the Treaty of Utrecht ended this conflict and changed the balance of power for the Nouvelle-France.

Question 11

Acadians

Answer 11

People from Acadia the first French settlements in North America; now part of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick

Acadia was the first successful French settlement that was part of the French empire, but not part of Nouvelle-France. After the Treaty of Utrecht, Acadia was handed to the British and made an oath where they would not fight against France or for Britain. Charles Lawrence wanted them to take another oath, but when they refused, Acadians were expelled from Nova Scotia.

Question 12

Articles of Capitulation

Answer 12

The terms by which Nouvelle-France surrendered to British forces.

This document, signed by Governor Vaudreuil, surrendered Nouvelle-France to the British. This greatly expanded British territory and power in North America.

Question 13

Treaty of Paris

Answer 13

(1763) The treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War between Britain and France.

This treaty resulted in a major shift in the relationship between First Nations and European colonies. Now that British was in control, the First Nations lost their strategic bargaining position, and the European were now encroaching further into their land.

Question 14

Middlemen

Answer 14

First Nations people who profited in the fur trade as intermediaries between inland First Nations and European traders.

Acadians and Wendat became middlemen for European fur trade. These middlemen traded with First Nations for beaver fur, then traded with Europeans for other goods.

Question 15

Why did European countries explore North America?

Answer 15

New route to Asia: Europe was largely cut off from overland trade to Asia, so they sailed west to avoid sailing around Africa.

Promise of wealth: The “New World” were found to have gold, diamonds and fish stocks.

Religious conversions: Many Christians evangelized and tried converting First Nations to Christianity in NA.

Technological improvements: Ocean travel was safer and quicker, and was accompanied with the compass and astrolabe.

Competition: European countries desired domination, and other empires were being built around the world, and so Europeans did not want to get left behind.

Question 16

What is Terra Nullius?

Answer 16

Latin for “land belonging to no one”. Christians believed in their cultural superiority and believed NA isn’t inhabited. (Even though it was being inhabited by the First Nations)

Question 17

First Nations view VS European view on land ownership

Answer 17

First Nation: Land was a gift, they were guardians of the land, NOT OWNERS, land was used to benefit all creatures, and buying/selling land wasn’t part of their worldview.

European: They claimed the land based on the Divine Right of Kings, Europeans had the right to rule by the Christian God, and those who didn’t worship God had no rights and their land could be taken.

Question 18

What was the impact on the arrival of Europeans?

Answer 18

Trade: First Nations gained European muskets, awls, fishhooks, axes, hatchets, etc. Europeans gained First Nations canoes and snowshoes

Disease: First Nations got smallpox and the flu from Europeans, losing half of its population and cultural knowledge.

Division: Europeans developed a drinking problem, starting asking for more and giving less.

Question 19

Who were the travellers before the Europeans?

Answer 19

Vikings: Went off course of their route to Greenland. This route was then used by Leif Ericson who established L’Anse aux Meadows.

Christopher Columbus: Tried to find the Northwest Passage, but instead discovered North America.

Question 20

Ethnocentrism

Answer 20

Attitude that one culture is superior and more important than others.

Europeans believed that they were more superior than the First Nations culture, taking their land and trying to convert them to Christianity.

Question 21

Williamite Penal Laws

Answer 21

Laws discriminating against Catholics, where they could not vote, teach children, buy land, run for public office, or attend university.

The French were mostly Catholic, so these laws put in place after the Treaty of Paris were devastating.

Question 22

Seven Years War Summary

Answer 22

(1756-1763)

British wanted to control Ohio, but French claimed it.
British cut off supply to French troops and defeated Louisbourg and Quebec.
After the Plains of Abraham, the Articles of Capitulation were signed and the Treaty of Paris was signed three years later.