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Canadian History 30S > Chapter 6 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Political deadlock

A

A situation in which government decisions are prevented by opposing sides refusing to compromise

The Act of Union created equal representation to decrease the West’s fear of French Catholic domination, but it instead led to a political deadlock

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2
Q

“rep by pop”

A

Representation by population; a system of democratic government in which representation in the legislature is distributed according to population

This phrase became a rally cry amoung Canada West. It was a way for the West to further their political agendas

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3
Q

Confederation

A

(1867) The political union of BNA colonies

Supporters of Confederation promoted it as a way to end economic troubles

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4
Q

American Civil War

A

(1861-1865) The war in which a group of southern states tried to secede from the USA

BNA recognized the need to unite to better defend themselves against USA.

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5
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

A popular belief held among Americans in the 19th century that their country had a right to control NA

Manifest Destiny furthered tensions between BNA and America because Americans believed they had they had the right to control BNA.

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6
Q

Annexation

A

The incorporation of a foreign territory into another

The USA might annex Canada East if it was left out of the confederation

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7
Q

Fenians

A

A group of Irish immigrants in NA dedicated to the freedom of Ireland from British control

Fenians believed that by capturing BNA colonies, they could hold them for ransom in exchange for Ireland’s freedom.

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8
Q

Reciprocity

A

The basis of a trade agreement between countries involving an exchange of benefits

The Reciprocity Treaty allowed free trade for timber, grain, coal, livestock, and fish. It was cancelled because Americans believed it would cause British colonies to unite with USA.

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9
Q

Federation

A

More than one level of government. The federal government addressed the needs of all the regions

Made at the Quebec Conference 1864, the national gov took care of the needs of all regions, while the provincial gov took care of regional concerns

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10
Q

British North America Act

A

(1867) Legislation passed by the British parliament that formed the Constitution of the Dominion of Canada. Signed by Queen Victoria

Consisted of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. First Nations, Metis, and Inuit people were not represented or discussed in the Act.

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11
Q

Enfranchisement

A

The right to vote; used by the Government of Canada as a means of assimilating First Nations people

The Enfranchisement Act of 1869 made voting as an FN lose their FN status in return.

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12
Q

Constitutional Monarchy

A

A country with a monarch as the head of state whose power is limited by the country’s constitution

The King of Queen has a representative to act on their behalf: the Governor General.

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13
Q

Porogue

A

To suspend Parliament temporarily

Governor General has the ability to porogue the government and can also call a general election.

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14
Q

Economic Cycles

A
  1. Imperial Preference (1815-1846)
  2. British Free Trade (1846)
  3. Reciprocity Treaty (1854)
  4. Uncertain Future (1862)
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15
Q

Imperial Preference, Economic Cycle

A

(1815-1846)

British purchases from its colonies
BNA had a guaranteed market
Economic Boom

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16
Q

British Free Trade, Economic Cycle

A

(1846)

Britain buys from any country
No colonial preference
Economic recession (stagnant profits; not growing, not decreasing)
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17
Q

Reciprocity Treaty, Economic Cycle

A

(1854)

BNA negotiates free trade with USA
BNA has another guaranteed market
Lasts 10 years then evaluates
Economic boom

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18
Q

Uncertain Future, Economic Cycle

A

(1862)

USA Civil War begins, Britain supports the South
USA Northern states threaten not to renew Reciprocity Treaty
BNA fears recession with loss of USA market

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19
Q

BNA’S options after the lose of the Reciprocity Treaty

A
  1. Join the USA (but loss of culture with melting point)
  2. Another guaranteed market (unlikely as more countries move to free trade)
  3. Confederation
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20
Q

Arguments FOR Confederation

A
  1. Inter-colonial trade would replace the USA market
  2. Develops strong foreign trade relationship
  3. Attracts foreign investment
  4. Affords railroad projects
21
Q

Responsible Government

A
  1. Governor General (British Appointed, follows advice of Executive Council
  2. Executive Council (Party with the most seats in the Assembly)
  3. Legislative Assembly (42 seats Canada East, 42 seats Canada West. Party with the most seats is in government as long as it retains majority)
22
Q

Parties in Canada

A

grits, liberal conservatives, lower Canada rouge, lower Canada Bleu

23
Q

grits party

A

Leader: George Brown

Philosophy: reform

Area: Canada West

Major positions: pro English, pro farmer

24
Q

liberal conservatives party

A

Leader: John A. Macdonald

Philosophy: conservative

Area: Canada West

Major positions: pro English, pro business

25
Q

lower Canada rouge

A

Leader: A.A. Dorion

Philosophy: reform

Area: Canada East

Major positions: pro French, anti business

26
Q

lower Canada Bleu

A

Leader: George-Etienne Cartier

Philosophy: conservative

Area: Canada East

Major positions: pro French, pro business

27
Q

Events that demonstrate Britain and USA’s poor relationship

A

Trent Affair, St. Alban’s Raid, Fenian Raids

28
Q

Trent Affair

A

(Nov. 1861)

American Southern officials forced off A British ship, the Trent, by the Northern US navy, so Britain threatens war.

Britain sends troops to Halifax, but with no railroad, troops marched overland.

USA never attacked.

29
Q

St. Alban’s Raid

A

(Oct. 1864)

Confederate soldiers attacked St. Alban’s and fled to Montreal. They were arrested by the British, but shortly released, infuriating American government.

30
Q

Fenian Raids

A

(1866-71)

Fenians (Irish-American civil war veterans) invade New Brunswick, Ontario, and Manitoba.

American government were seen to be permitting the raids and allowing them to train and equip themselves.

31
Q

3 final steps to confederation

A

Great Coalition, Charlottetown Conference, Quebec Conference

32
Q

Great Coalition

A

A 3 party coalition was the only real solution:

Clear Grits, led by George Brown
Bleu Party, led by George Etienne Cartier
Liberal-Conservatives, led by John A. Macdonald

formed Great Coalition on June 22nd, 1864

33
Q

Charlottetown Conference

A

(Sept. 1, 1864)

Atlantic colonies, Canada West, and Canada East met in Charlottetown.

Arguments: Improved defence, economic growth and stability, attracts foreign investment, financial support for Intercolonial Railway, greater opportunity for Maritime politicians.

Maritime feared being lost in a rep by pop system that favoured Canadian colonies

34
Q

Quebec Conference

A

(Oct. 10, 1864)

Delegates meet in Quebec City for 18 days

Nova Scotia and New Brunswick feared being lost in a union of bigger provinces

George Brown argued in favour of Senate (regional representation) and House of Commons (rep by pop)

Disagreement on how power would be shared in the two levels of government.

35
Q

72 Resolutions

A

Agreed at Quebec Conference

House of Commons (rep by pop)
Senate (Appointed based on regional representation)

Power divided between federal and provincial levels with the federal government retaining greater power.

Delegates returned to their colonies to convince their populations to support Confederation

36
Q

When was Confederation?

A

July 1st, 1867

37
Q

Corn Laws

A

(1791) Lower import duty on wheat and grains coming into Britain from British colonies. Repealed in 1846.

Canada had to compete with other countries, grain became more expensive, exports dropped by over 60 percent. Canada was thrown into recession.

38
Q

Blockade runners

A

Small and fast ships that Britain made to smuggle cotton out of Southern America

39
Q

How did the American Civil War strengthen the sense of Manifest Destiny?

A

Since America was expanding due to Manifest Destiny, the want for slavery was heightened.

40
Q

Battle of Ridgeway

A

The second Fenian attack where a thousand Fenians crossed Niagara River into Canada West. Fighting took place against militia and British, then Fenians retreated across the border.

41
Q

How were the FN, Metis, and Inuit peoples dealt with in the BNA Act?

A

The relationship and responsibilities of the FN were transferred to the Canadian federal government, which was not discussed with the FN.

42
Q

What important principles did the Royal Proclamation of 1763 introduce that govern relations between First Nations peoples and the British Crown?

A
  1. Treaties be made with FN in order to acquire land
  2. British were to assist in settling disputes between FN and European immigrants
  3. Special relationship between FN and British Crown
43
Q

Why did John A. Macdonald prefer the British style of a centralized government?

A

A centralized government oversees the whole country. No province or state had their own government. Macdonald preferred this because he thought the federal government was why America broke out into a Civil War.

44
Q

Royal Assent

A

Formal act of giving a bill final approval by the Governor General

45
Q

Why was the Senate established? What does the Senate do and how are Senators “independent”?

A

Senate was established to protect regional interests and property rights of Canada. Senators provided a “sober second thought” and were appointed for life.

46
Q

Where does real power rest in Canada?

A

Real power rests in the PM and Cabinet (appointed group of advisors)

47
Q

Divides within Federal and Provincial Powers

A

Federal had 47 powers, Provincial had 15 powers

Federal government had a broad range of taxation powers, could disallow any provincial law, had responsibility for “peace, order, and good government”

Provincial government had control over property and civil rights, natural resources, local matters, and limited taxation powers. Provincial lieutenant-governors could veto any legislation.

48
Q

Trial of James Whelan

A

Thomas D’Archy McGee was an Irish immigrant elected to Parliament that did not agree with the Fenians.

He was shot and died immediately. Within 24 hours, Fenian James Whelan was arrested when a revolver that was recently fired was found in his pocket.

This trial was charred by evidence, brined witnesses, and political
interference.

Whelan was found guilty and was hanged.

Canadian History 30S (5 decks)

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