Chapter 3 and 4 Test

Question 1

Baymen

Answer 1

Employees of the Hudson’s Bay Company who stayed on the shores of Hudson Bay

The Baymen were mostly from Orkney Islands who could survive harsh climates and had excellent boat-handling skills. These perks allowed them to support the HBC fur trade in the Hudson’s Bay.

Question 2

Voyageurs

Answer 2

French fur traders licensed by the government of Nouvelle-France

Voyageurs intercepted FN traders on their journey north, causing fur to divert inward and the HBC to move inward as well.

Question 3

Home guard

Answer 3

First Nations people working in the fur trade who settled near Hudson’s Bay Company trading posts

As the number of trading posts across the West grew, middlemen and the home guard slowly became less important, allowing more FN to trade directly with the HBC

Question 4

Custom of the country

Answer 4

The formal process by which French traders married First Nations women

These marriages were a sign of alliance with the FN, and the French hoped the children would adopt French cultures.

Question 5

Acculturation

Answer 5

The adoption of values, beliefs, and behaviours from another culture as a result of contact with that culture

The French hoped that the custom of the country would cause the children to adopt French culture, but they instead a new culture (Metis) flourished.

Question 6

Metis

Answer 6

A nation of people with both First Nations and European ancestry as well as historic ties of the western fur trade; one of three Aboriginal peoples of Canada

The Metis was a result of the custom of the country and acculturation.

Question 7

Country-born

Answer 7

A term used to describe the children of First Nations women and British employees of the Hudson’s Bay Company

The country-born developed a culture unique to both the Metis and First Nations.

Question 8

Pemmican

Answer 8

Dried buffalo meat mixed with fat and sometimes berries

Pemmican became a staple food with the First Nations, fur traders, European and Metis

Question 9

Nor’Westers

Answer 9

Fur traders employed by the NWC

The Nor’Westers continued travelling with First nations to trade with them, causing the HBC to trade with the First Nations, further causing trade expansion in the west

Question 10

Canadiens

Answer 10

The community of French Canadians living in Quebec, particularly before and during the British colonization of NA

Britain tried limiting westward expansion and hoping for the Canadien culture to assimilate into British

Question 11

Sovereign

Answer 11

Autonomous; having the full and independent rights and responsibilities of self-government

In the Ohio Valley, the French treated First Nations as a sovereign nation and continued gifting them with funs, ammunition, and trade goods

Question 12

Assimilation

Answer 12

The absorption of a minority group into the culture of a majority group

Britain hoped that by restricting westward expansion, the Canadiens would have to assimilate into British culture

Question 13

Loyalists

Answer 13

Residents of the Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to Britain during the American War of Independence

Loyalists began settling in Nova Scotia and Quebec after the war where they quickly outnumbered the rest of the population

Question 14

Veto

Answer 14

The right to reject legislation and prevent it from passing

After the Constitutional Act in 1791, the British still had a considerable amount of power since a veto could be made by a Britain appointed councils, lieutenant-governor, or Governor Genera

Question 15

Conscientious objectors

Answer 15

People who refuse, for ethical reasons, to engage state-supported actions such as war

Many rebels saw this neutrality as a declaration of loyalty to Britain

Question 16

Impressment

Answer 16

The forced service of American sailors into the British navy

The British seized American ships on their way to France, irritating American politicians and causing the tensions between Britain and America to escalate

Question 17

Oligarchy

Answer 17

A political system in which power is held by a small number of people

Lower Canada was ruled by Chateau Clique. Upper Canada was ruled by the Family Compact. Both were English-speaking

Question 18

Clergy Reserves

Answer 18

Large tracts of land given to the Anglican Church by the Canadian government

The Anglican Church used these reserves to support the church and cause it to continue growing, expanding, and increase power

Question 19

Responsible Government

Answer 19

A system in which a government is accountable to an electorate through regular elections

British elites in Upper and Lower Canada continued ignoring reformers demand for responsible government, causing reformer to write papers that exposed the political, economic, and social injustices of the oligarchy.

Question 20

Partiotes

Answer 20

To bring Canada’s Constitution under Canadian control

These were the people associated with the rebels who were fighting for a responsible government in both Upper and Lower Canada.

Question 21

Coalition

Answer 21

A temporary alliance between political parties

A coalition between Robert Baldwin and Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine was created in hopes of achieving a responsible government in the Act of Union

Question 22

Free trade

Answer 22

The exchange of goods and services between countries without tariffs or other government intervention to control trade or protect domestic industries

Free trade was adopted by Britain after a coalition created by reformers. This meant the European colonies were not longer essential to Britain’s economy

Question 23

Pontiac’s Resistance

Answer 23

Pontiac was a First Nations war chief who took action after seeing his people suffer under British rule. Ohio Valley and Northwest First Nations took down several British forts. Pontiac eventually signed a peace treaty with the British. This treaty gave the British its forts, but protected First Nations hunting grounds.

Question 24

The Royal Proclamation

Answer 24

(1763)
1. Reserved the western interior for FN
2. Introduced the need to negotiate with the British before taking FN land in Quebec
3. Reduced the size of Quebec
4. Introduced colonial government by British appointed governor and council
5. Promised elected assembly
6. Introduced British legal system

Question 25

Serment du Test

Answer 25

An oath in which people swore they were a member of the Anglican Church. This oath also ensured Roman Catholics could not hold public office.

Question 26

The Quebec Act

Answer 26

(1774) Revoked the Royal Proclamation

1. Enlarged Quebec
2. DID NOT approve elected assembly
3. Appointed council was open to Canadiens
4. Reestablished French property and civil law
5. Retained seigneurial system
6. Established freedom of worship for Catholics
7. Reinstated tax to support the Catholic church

Question 27

Constitutional Act

Answer 27

(1791)

1. Quebec was divided into Upper and Lower Canada
2. Each colony had an appointed governor, council, and elected assembly
3. Reserved land to pay for the expenses of the Protestant Church
4. Provided British legal system, language, and religious rights in Upper Canada
5. Provided French legal system, language, and religious rights in Lower Canada

Question 28

Government under the Constitutional Act

Answer 28

Crown

British Parliament (elected, male, landowner, Protestant)

Colonial Governor (elected)

Executive (manages government decisions and operations) and Legislative Council (passes laws)
(Both were 12 appointed men)

Legislative Assembly (proposes laws to council, approves taxes)

Population

Question 29

Who were the Loyalists?

Answer 29

Wealthy, poor, young, old, male, female, European, African American, and First Nations.

Question 30

First Nation Loyalists

Answer 30

The First Nations were left out of the Treaty of Paris (1783), so a First Nations chief travelled to London and acquired 275 000 hectares of land. The celebration was short lived as most of the land was lost in calculation errors.

Question 31

Black Loyalists

Answer 31

Slaves could not vote, marry, congregate, or move freely. They were regarded as property which shortly changed with the Certificates of Freedom after the War of Independence, allowing them to move to Nova Scotia.

Few black loyalists received their land and suffered with famine and racism, so they moved to a British anti-slavery society in Sierra Leone.

Question 32

Reasons to be Loyalists

Answer 32

1. Wanted to stay neutral
2. Had economic or business ties with Britain
3. Wanted to live as British subjects
4. Did not support an armed rebellion
5. Immigrants believed they would not have equal rights
6. Iroquois Six Nations Confederacy believed Britain wouldn’t protect their land
7. Black loyalists were promised land and freedom

Question 33

Result of Loyalist immigration

Answer 33

1. Bilingual and bicultural nature of Canada
2. BNA receives economic boost with more farmers, merchants, trades-people, etc.
3. New Brunswick is declared a colony in 1784
4. Constitutional Act in 1791

Question 34

Jay’s Treaty

Answer 34

(1794) Agreed that both countries could use joint commissions or arbitration to settle debt or boundary disputes. Established a trading agreement between Britain and the US.

After the terms of the treaty expired, tension escalated into the War of 1812

Question 35

Reasons for the War of 1812

Answer 35

1. America wanted to sever ties with Britain, allowing them to trade with anyone
2. Americans were suspicious that Britain was still accessing Ohio Valley forts
3. British kept boarding American ships
4. War Hawks (American politicians from the south) called to permanently rid NA of the British as they were strangling their political and economic goals

Question 36

Treaty of Ghent

Answer 36

(1814) After two years, neither side made any territorial, economic, or political gains. This treaty ended the War of 1812

Question 37

After the War of 1812

Answer 37

Many British and Americans immigrated to BNA, resulting in development of agriculture, towns, larger cities, more canals, and railways.

Many slave escapees looked moved to Upper Canada, Nova Scotia, and the West.

Question 38

1837 Rebellions

Answer 38

Resolutions demanding for an elected assembly were constantly vetoed.

Protests and violence began in Montreal and Lower Canadian towns were looted.

The rebels were poorly equipped to fight against the powerful Canadian government, so they lost and were either imprisoned or hanged.

Question 39

Act of Union

Answer 39

(1841) United Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, which would have on governor, one elected assembly, and one language.

Canada West and Canada East would have equal representation in the elected assembly.

The declining need for economic control led to the decrease in need for political control, resulting in responsible government in Britain.