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Psychology 310 > EXAM Section B > Flashcards

EXAM Section B Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ANXIETY.

A

Mood state characterised by negative effect and bodily symptoms of tension where a person anticipates future danger.

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2
Q

What is panic?

A

Sudden overwhelming fright or terror.

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3
Q

Define PANIC ATTACK.

A

Abrupt feeling of intense fear or discomfort that reaches its peak within minutes, in which during this time 4 or more symptoms are experienced.

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4
Q

Define PANIC DISORDER.

A

recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and concern about future attacks.

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5
Q

Define AGORAPHOBIA.

A

Anxiety about being in certain places or situations in which escape may be difficult in the case of a panic attack.

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6
Q

Name 5 agoraphobic situations.

A
  • using public transport
  • open spaces
  • closed spaces
  • standing in a line
  • being outside of home alone
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7
Q

Define SPECIFIC PHOBIA.

A

Unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with daily functioning.

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8
Q

Name the 5 subtypes/specifiers of phobias.

A
  • blood injection injury
  • situational
  • natural environment
  • animal
  • ‘other’
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9
Q

Define SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER.

A

Extreme fear and avoidance of social and performance situations.

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10
Q

Define OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER.

A

Disorder involving unwanted, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive action to suppress them.

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11
Q

Name 4 types of obsessions.

A
  • symmetry/exactness
  • forbidden thoughts or actions
    -cleaning/contamination
  • hoarding
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12
Q

What are the specifiers for OCD?

A
  • with good/fair insight
  • with poor insight
  • with absent insight/delusional beliefs
  • tic related
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13
Q

Define BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER.

A

Preoccupation with some imagined defect in physical appearance that seems slight to others.

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14
Q

What are the specifiers for Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

A
  • with muscle dysmorphia
  • with god/fair insight
  • with poor insight
  • with absent insight/delusional beliefs
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15
Q

Mood disorders.

A

Gross deviations in mood ranging from elation to severely depressed.

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16
Q

Mood disorders are composed of 3 mood episodes.

A
  • major depressive episode
  • manic episode
  • hypomanic episode
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17
Q

MANIC EPISODE.

A

Periods of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, may be accompanied by psychotic symptoms.

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18
Q

HYPOMANIC EPISODE.

A

less severe version of manic episode, with no psychotic symptoms and lasting at least 4 days.

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19
Q

Unipolar mood disorder.

A

Person experiences EITHER depressed mood OR elevated mood.

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20
Q

Bipolar disorder.

A

Person switches between depressed mood and elevated mood.

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21
Q

Mixed features.

A

Person experiences BOTH depressed and elevated moods at the same time.

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22
Q

Major depressive disorder.

A

Mood disorder involving one or more (with 2 months without depression) major depressive episodes.

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23
Q

Persistent depressive disorder.

A

Mood disorder involving persistent depressed mood, for at least 2 years with no absence from symptoms for more than 2 months.

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24
Q

8 specifiers to deceive depressive disorders:

A
  • with psychotic symptoms
  • with anxious distress
  • with mixed features
  • with melancholic features
  • with atypical features
  • with catatonia
  • with peri-partum onset
  • with seasonal pattern
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25
Q

Bipolar I disorder.

A

Criteria have been met for at least 1 manic episode.

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26
Q

Bipolar II disorder.

A

Criteria has been met for at least 1 hypomanic and one major depressive episode. There has never been a manic episode.

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27
Q

Cyclothymic disorder.

A

Symptoms of hypomanic and major depressive episodes but never meet the full criteria of those episodes.

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28
Q

What are neurovegetative functions?

A

Activities of survival.

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29
Q

Name 2 neurovegetative functions.

A
  1. Eating
  2. Sleeping
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30
Q

Name 6 feeding and eating disorders.

A
  • bulimia
  • anorexia
  • binge-eating
  • pica
  • rumination
  • avoidant/restrictive food intake
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31
Q

Define PICA DISORDER.

A

Persistently eating non-food substances for at least a month (sand or clay).

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32
Q

Define RUMINATION DISORDER.

A

Person brings up previously swallowed food and rechew it.

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33
Q

Define AVOIDANT/ RESTRICTIVE FOOD INTAKE DISORDER.

A

People limit their food intake not because of their concern with their body image, but rather to avoid sensory characteristics and textures of food.

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34
Q

ANOREXIA NERVOSA.

A

Morbid fear of gaining weight.

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35
Q

2 differences between bulimia and anorexia.

A
  • the amount of weight lost differs.
  • people with anorexia are proud of their diets whereas people with bulimia are ashamed.
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36
Q

What is Lanugo?

A

Peach fuzz type hair on cheeks and limbs.

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37
Q

BULIMIA NERVOSA.

A

Eating disorder involving excessive eating followed by compensatory actions to rid the body of the calories or even the food (laxative abuse, vomiting, excessive exercise).

38
Q

Name 3 causes/influences of eating disorders.

A
  • BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES
    (inherited vulnerability to ‘mood intolerance’ which can trigger binge eating)
    -PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES (anxiety about your presentation to others; distorted body image)
  • SOCIAL INFLUENCES (cultural definitions of beauty and being thin; family interactions/pressures on being thin)
39
Q

DYSSOMNIAS.

A

problems with the amount, timing, and quality of sleep.

40
Q

PARASOMNIAS.

A

Distressing behaviours that occur during various stages of sleep.

41
Q

NARCOLEPSY.

A

Sleep disorder involving sudden sleep attacks.

42
Q

SLEEP ATTACKS.

A

Sudden episodes of falling asleep during the day.

43
Q

BREATHING-RELATED SLEEP DISORDERS.

A

Sleep disturbances due to breathing problems that interrupt (sleep apnoea) or labour (hypoventilation) sleep.

44
Q

INSOMNIA DISORDER.

A

Difficulty falling asleep at bedtime, difficulty remaining asleep during the nigh, or the person doesn’t feel rested after sleep.

45
Q

Nonrestorative sleep.

A

Patient sleeps an adequate duration without feeling rested.

46
Q

HYPERSOMNOLENCE DISORDER.

A

Sleep disorder characterised by an excessive amount of sleep. They wake up rested but report being sleepy during the day.

47
Q

3 types of breathing related sleep disorders.

A
  1. Obstructive sleep apnoea/ hypopnea (obstruction of airways)
  2. Central sleep apnoea (associated with central nervous system disorders)
  3. Sleep-related hypoventilation (laboured breathing)
48
Q

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP DISORDER.

A

Sleep disorder characterised by the body’s inability to adapt to the current times/sleep patterns whether it is day or night.

49
Q

4 types of circadian rhythm sleep disorders.

A
  1. jet lag type
  2. shift work type
  3. delayed sleep phase type
  4. advanced sleep phase type
50
Q
A
51
Q

Psychological treatments for INSOMNIA.

A
  • cognitive
  • guided imagery relaxation
  • progressive relaxation
  • graduated extinction
  • paradoxical intention
52
Q

PERSONALITY DISORDERS.

A

Maladaptive ways of relating to the environment and the self.

53
Q

6 TRAIT DIMENSIONS of personality disorders:

A
  • negative affectivity
  • detachment
    -antagonism/dissociality
  • disinhibition
  • anankastia/ perfectionism
  • psychoticism
54
Q

Name the CLUSTERS of personality disorders.

A

Cluster A - odd and eccentric
Cluster B - dramatic, emotional and erratic
Cluster C - anxious or fearful

55
Q

Define PARANOID PD.

A

a pervasive and unjustified distrust and suspicion of other such as their motives are interpreted as malevolent.

56
Q

Define SCHIZOID PD.

A

pervasive patterns of detachment form social relationships and restricted emotional range.

57
Q

Define SCHIZOTYPAL PD.

A

Interpersonal deficits featuring a discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships, also have cognitive and perceptual distortions and eccentric behaviours.

58
Q

Define ANTISOCIAL PD.

A

Disregard and violation of the right of others.

59
Q

List Hare’s 6 criteria of his revised psychopathy checklist.

A
  • superficial charm
  • grandiose sense of self-worth
  • pathological lying
  • manipulative
  • lack of remorse or guilt
  • callous/ lack of empathy
60
Q

Define BORDERLINE PD.

A

Instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and impulse control.

61
Q

The most promising treatment for people with BPD.

A

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) - involves exposing patients to stressors in a controlled environment and teaching them coping skills.

62
Q

Define HISTRIONIC PF.

A

Excessive emotionality and attention seeking.

63
Q

Define NARCISSISTIC PD.

A

Pervasive patterns of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

64
Q

Define AVOIDANT PD.

A

Pervasive patterns of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism.

65
Q

Define DEPENDENT PD.

A

The need to be taken care of, leading to submissiveness and fear of separation and clinging behaviour.

66
Q

Define OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PD.

A

Preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism, mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility.

67
Q

Define SCHIZOPHRENIA.

A

Characterised by psychotic episodes involving hallucinations, delusions, and disorganised thinking, speech, or behaviour.

68
Q

What are DELUSIONS also called?

A

disorder of thought content.

69
Q

Most common types of delusions.

A
  • delusions of persecution
  • delusions of grandeur
  • delusions of reference
70
Q

Name syndromes of DELUSIONAL MISIDENTIFICATION.

A

Capgras syndrome
Fregoli’s syndrome
Cotard’s syndrome

71
Q

Capgras syndrome.

A

Belief that someone you know has been replaced by a double.

72
Q

Fregoli’s syndrome.

A

Belief that someone familiar has changed their appearance.

73
Q

Cotard’s syndrome.

A

Belief that you are dead.

74
Q

Define HALLUCINATIONS.

A

Psychotic symptoms of perceptual disturbances in which things are seen, heard, or senses although they are not present.

75
Q

Name the most common types of HALLUCINATIONS.

A
  • auditory
  • visual
  • tactile/haptic
  • somatic/bodily/ coenaesthetic
  • during sleep hypnagogic/hypnopompic
  • thought broadcasting
76
Q

Name 3 disorganised symptoms.

A
  • disorganised emotions
  • disorganised thinking and speech
  • disorganised behaviour
77
Q

What is INAPPROPRIATE AFFECT.

A

Emotion display is improper for the situation.

78
Q

CATATONIA.

A

Motor dysfunctions or inappropriate motor behaviours.

79
Q

ECHOLALIA.

A

Imitating the speech of others.

80
Q

ECHOPRAXIA.

A

Imitating the movement of others.

81
Q

What part of the brain is most active during hallucinations?

A

Broca’s area - which is responsible for thought PRODUCTION.

82
Q

What part of the brain is least active for people with auditory hallucinations?

A

Wernicke’s area - which is responsible for thought COMPREHENSION.

83
Q

Name 6 negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

A
  • avolition/apathy
  • alogia
  • affective flattening
  • asociality
  • anhedonia
  • attentional and other cognitive deficits
84
Q

Define SCHIZOPHRENIFORM DISORDER.

A

Psychotic disorder with the same features as schizophrenia but lasts less than 6 months.

85
Q

Define SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER.

A

Psychotic disorder involving symptoms from both schizophrenia and major mood disorder.

86
Q

Define DELUSIONAL DISORDER.

A

Psychotic disorder involving only the delusion symptom and no other symptoms of schizophrenia.

87
Q

Name the specifiers/subtypes of delusional disorder.

A
  • erotomanic
  • grandiose
  • jealous
  • persecutory
  • mixed
  • unspecified
88
Q

Define BRIEF PSYCHOTIC DISORDER.

A

Psychotic disorder involving symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, or disorganised peach/behaviour for less than one month.

89
Q

Name the specifiers for Brief psychotic disorder.

A
  • with marked stressors
  • without marked stressors
  • with post-partum onset
  • with catatonia
90
Q

What are 3 things that can cause PSYCHOSIS.

A
  • substances
  • medications
  • medical conditions
91
Q

What is a prodromal stage?

A

Period before the onset of serious symptoms, but the person still has unusual behaviours.

92
Q

Name 6 treatments for people with psychotic disorders.

A
  • collaborative psychopharmacology
  • assertive community treatment
  • vocational rehabilitation such as supportive employment
  • psycho-education
  • illness management and recovery
  • integrated dual-disorder treatment

Psychology 310 (6 decks)

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