EXAM Section B Flashcards
1
Q
Define ANXIETY.
A
Mood state characterised by negative effect and bodily symptoms of tension where a person anticipates future danger.
2
Q
What is panic?
A
Sudden overwhelming fright or terror.
3
Q
Define PANIC ATTACK.
A
Abrupt feeling of intense fear or discomfort that reaches its peak within minutes, in which during this time 4 or more symptoms are experienced.
4
Q
Define PANIC DISORDER.
A
recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and concern about future attacks.
5
Q
Define AGORAPHOBIA.
A
Anxiety about being in certain places or situations in which escape may be difficult in the case of a panic attack.
6
Q
Name 5 agoraphobic situations.
A
- using public transport
- open spaces
- closed spaces
- standing in a line
- being outside of home alone
7
Q
Define SPECIFIC PHOBIA.
A
Unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with daily functioning.
8
Q
Name the 5 subtypes/specifiers of phobias.
A
- blood injection injury
- situational
- natural environment
- animal
- ‘other’
9
Q
Define SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER.
A
Extreme fear and avoidance of social and performance situations.
10
Q
Define OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER.
A
Disorder involving unwanted, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive action to suppress them.
11
Q
Name 4 types of obsessions.
A
- symmetry/exactness
- forbidden thoughts or actions
-cleaning/contamination - hoarding
12
Q
What are the specifiers for OCD?
A
- with good/fair insight
- with poor insight
- with absent insight/delusional beliefs
- tic related
13
Q
Define BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER.
A
Preoccupation with some imagined defect in physical appearance that seems slight to others.
14
Q
What are the specifiers for Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
A
- with muscle dysmorphia
- with god/fair insight
- with poor insight
- with absent insight/delusional beliefs
15
Q
Mood disorders.
A
Gross deviations in mood ranging from elation to severely depressed.
16
Q
Mood disorders are composed of 3 mood episodes.
A
- major depressive episode
- manic episode
- hypomanic episode
17
Q
MANIC EPISODE.
A
Periods of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, may be accompanied by psychotic symptoms.
18
Q
HYPOMANIC EPISODE.
A
less severe version of manic episode, with no psychotic symptoms and lasting at least 4 days.
19
Q
Unipolar mood disorder.
A
Person experiences EITHER depressed mood OR elevated mood.
20
Q
Bipolar disorder.
A
Person switches between depressed mood and elevated mood.
21
Q
Mixed features.
A
Person experiences BOTH depressed and elevated moods at the same time.
22
Q
Major depressive disorder.
A
Mood disorder involving one or more (with 2 months without depression) major depressive episodes.
23
Q
Persistent depressive disorder.
A
Mood disorder involving persistent depressed mood, for at least 2 years with no absence from symptoms for more than 2 months.
24
Q
8 specifiers to deceive depressive disorders:
A
- with psychotic symptoms
- with anxious distress
- with mixed features
- with melancholic features
- with atypical features
- with catatonia
- with peri-partum onset
- with seasonal pattern
25
Bipolar I disorder.
Criteria have been met for at least 1 manic episode.
26
Bipolar II disorder.
Criteria has been met for at least 1 hypomanic and one major depressive episode. There has never been a manic episode.
27
Cyclothymic disorder.
Symptoms of hypomanic and major depressive episodes but never meet the full criteria of those episodes.
28
What are neurovegetative functions?
Activities of survival.
29
Name 2 neurovegetative functions.
1. Eating
2. Sleeping
30
Name 6 feeding and eating disorders.
- bulimia
- anorexia
- binge-eating
- pica
- rumination
- avoidant/restrictive food intake
31
Define PICA DISORDER.
Persistently eating non-food substances for at least a month (sand or clay).
32
Define RUMINATION DISORDER.
Person brings up previously swallowed food and rechew it.
33
Define AVOIDANT/ RESTRICTIVE FOOD INTAKE DISORDER.
People limit their food intake not because of their concern with their body image, but rather to avoid sensory characteristics and textures of food.
34
ANOREXIA NERVOSA.
Morbid fear of gaining weight.
35
2 differences between bulimia and anorexia.
- the amount of weight lost differs.
- people with anorexia are proud of their diets whereas people with bulimia are ashamed.
36
What is Lanugo?
Peach fuzz type hair on cheeks and limbs.
37
BULIMIA NERVOSA.
Eating disorder involving excessive eating followed by compensatory actions to rid the body of the calories or even the food (laxative abuse, vomiting, excessive exercise).
38
Name 3 causes/influences of eating disorders.
- BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES
(inherited vulnerability to 'mood intolerance' which can trigger binge eating)
-PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES (anxiety about your presentation to others; distorted body image)
- SOCIAL INFLUENCES (cultural definitions of beauty and being thin; family interactions/pressures on being thin)
39
DYSSOMNIAS.
problems with the amount, timing, and quality of sleep.
40
PARASOMNIAS.
Distressing behaviours that occur during various stages of sleep.
41
NARCOLEPSY.
Sleep disorder involving sudden sleep attacks.
42
SLEEP ATTACKS.
Sudden episodes of falling asleep during the day.
43
BREATHING-RELATED SLEEP DISORDERS.
Sleep disturbances due to breathing problems that interrupt (sleep apnoea) or labour (hypoventilation) sleep.
44
INSOMNIA DISORDER.
Difficulty falling asleep at bedtime, difficulty remaining asleep during the nigh, or the person doesn't feel rested after sleep.
45
Nonrestorative sleep.
Patient sleeps an adequate duration without feeling rested.
46
HYPERSOMNOLENCE DISORDER.
Sleep disorder characterised by an excessive amount of sleep. They wake up rested but report being sleepy during the day.
47
3 types of breathing related sleep disorders.
1. Obstructive sleep apnoea/ hypopnea (obstruction of airways)
2. Central sleep apnoea (associated with central nervous system disorders)
3. Sleep-related hypoventilation (laboured breathing)
48
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP DISORDER.
Sleep disorder characterised by the body's inability to adapt to the current times/sleep patterns whether it is day or night.
49
4 types of circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
1. jet lag type
2. shift work type
3. delayed sleep phase type
4. advanced sleep phase type
50
51
Psychological treatments for INSOMNIA.
- cognitive
- guided imagery relaxation
- progressive relaxation
- graduated extinction
- paradoxical intention
52
PERSONALITY DISORDERS.
Maladaptive ways of relating to the environment and the self.
53
6 TRAIT DIMENSIONS of personality disorders:
- negative affectivity
- detachment
-antagonism/dissociality
- disinhibition
- anankastia/ perfectionism
- psychoticism
54
Name the CLUSTERS of personality disorders.
Cluster A - odd and eccentric
Cluster B - dramatic, emotional and erratic
Cluster C - anxious or fearful
55
Define PARANOID PD.
a pervasive and unjustified distrust and suspicion of other such as their motives are interpreted as malevolent.
56
Define SCHIZOID PD.
pervasive patterns of detachment form social relationships and restricted emotional range.
57
Define SCHIZOTYPAL PD.
Interpersonal deficits featuring a discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships, also have cognitive and perceptual distortions and eccentric behaviours.
58
Define ANTISOCIAL PD.
Disregard and violation of the right of others.
59
List Hare's 6 criteria of his revised psychopathy checklist.
- superficial charm
- grandiose sense of self-worth
- pathological lying
- manipulative
- lack of remorse or guilt
- callous/ lack of empathy
60
Define BORDERLINE PD.
Instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and impulse control.
61
The most promising treatment for people with BPD.
Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) - involves exposing patients to stressors in a controlled environment and teaching them coping skills.
62
Define HISTRIONIC PF.
Excessive emotionality and attention seeking.
63
Define NARCISSISTIC PD.
Pervasive patterns of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.
64
Define AVOIDANT PD.
Pervasive patterns of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism.
65
Define DEPENDENT PD.
The need to be taken care of, leading to submissiveness and fear of separation and clinging behaviour.
66
Define OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PD.
Preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism, mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility.
67
Define SCHIZOPHRENIA.
Characterised by psychotic episodes involving hallucinations, delusions, and disorganised thinking, speech, or behaviour.
68
What are DELUSIONS also called?
disorder of thought content.
69
Most common types of delusions.
- delusions of persecution
- delusions of grandeur
- delusions of reference
70
Name syndromes of DELUSIONAL MISIDENTIFICATION.
Capgras syndrome
Fregoli's syndrome
Cotard's syndrome
71
Capgras syndrome.
Belief that someone you know has been replaced by a double.
72
Fregoli's syndrome.
Belief that someone familiar has changed their appearance.
73
Cotard's syndrome.
Belief that you are dead.
74
Define HALLUCINATIONS.
Psychotic symptoms of perceptual disturbances in which things are seen, heard, or senses although they are not present.
75
Name the most common types of HALLUCINATIONS.
- auditory
- visual
- tactile/haptic
- somatic/bodily/ coenaesthetic
- during sleep hypnagogic/hypnopompic
- thought broadcasting
76
Name 3 disorganised symptoms.
- disorganised emotions
- disorganised thinking and speech
- disorganised behaviour
77
What is INAPPROPRIATE AFFECT.
Emotion display is improper for the situation.
78
CATATONIA.
Motor dysfunctions or inappropriate motor behaviours.
79
ECHOLALIA.
Imitating the speech of others.
80
ECHOPRAXIA.
Imitating the movement of others.
81
What part of the brain is most active during hallucinations?
Broca's area - which is responsible for thought PRODUCTION.
82
What part of the brain is least active for people with auditory hallucinations?
Wernicke's area - which is responsible for thought COMPREHENSION.
83
Name 6 negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
- avolition/apathy
- alogia
- affective flattening
- asociality
- anhedonia
- attentional and other cognitive deficits
84
Define SCHIZOPHRENIFORM DISORDER.
Psychotic disorder with the same features as schizophrenia but lasts less than 6 months.
85
Define SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER.
Psychotic disorder involving symptoms from both schizophrenia and major mood disorder.
86
Define DELUSIONAL DISORDER.
Psychotic disorder involving only the delusion symptom and no other symptoms of schizophrenia.
87
Name the specifiers/subtypes of delusional disorder.
- erotomanic
- grandiose
- jealous
- persecutory
- mixed
- unspecified
88
Define BRIEF PSYCHOTIC DISORDER.
Psychotic disorder involving symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, or disorganised peach/behaviour for less than one month.
89
Name the specifiers for Brief psychotic disorder.
- with marked stressors
- without marked stressors
- with post-partum onset
- with catatonia
90
What are 3 things that can cause PSYCHOSIS.
- substances
- medications
- medical conditions
91
What is a prodromal stage?
Period before the onset of serious symptoms, but the person still has unusual behaviours.
92
Name 6 treatments for people with psychotic disorders.
- collaborative psychopharmacology
- assertive community treatment
- vocational rehabilitation such as supportive employment
- psycho-education
- illness management and recovery
- integrated dual-disorder treatment
