Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 310 > EXAM Section A > Flashcards

EXAM Section A Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Learning disability

A

Learning problems that occur in the absence of obvious conditions such as intellectual disability or brain damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

TRUE/FALSE.
A person with a learning disability has at least NORMAL INTELLIGENCE.

A

TRUE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What then do people with learning disabilities struggle in?

A

How they take in, retain, or express information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a main characteristic that children with learning disabilities share?

A

Failing to perform at their expected level in school.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define PHONOLOGY.

A

The ability to learn and store phonemes (basic sounds) as well as combining the sounds into meaningful words.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS.

A

Broad construct that includes the recognition of the relationship between sounds and letters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the Communication disorders subcategories. (4)

A
  • Language disorder
  • Speech sound disorder
  • Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
  • Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define LANGUAGE DISORDER.

A

Communication disorder characterised by persistent difficulties acquisition and use of language (across domains such as spoken or written) due to deficits in comprehension or production. Which includes reduced vocabulary; limited sentence structure; and impairments in discourse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define SPEECH SOUND DISORDER.

A

Difficulties in articulation and sound production rather than word knowledge, e.g. saying “rabbit” instead of “rabbit”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define CHILDHOOD-ONSET FLUENCY DISORDER.

A

Stuttering. Disturbances in normal fluency and time pattern of speech that is inappropriate for the person’s age, persists over time, and is marked by one or more of the following:
- repeated sounds/syllables
- prolonged sounds
- broken words
- audible or silent blocks
- circumlocutions
- words spoken with an excess of physical tension
- monosyllabic repetition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define SOCIAL (PRAGMATIC) COMMUNICATION DISORDER.

A

Persistent difficulties in pragmatics = social use of language and communication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

At what age is a diagnosis for SCD typical made?

A

4-5 years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the “unexpected discrepancy” for children with SPECIFIC LEARNING DISORDER?

A

The discrepancy between their ABILITY and their ACTUAL PERFORMANCE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the specific domains of learning disorder?

A
  • reading
  • writing
  • mathematics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List the symptoms for SPECIFIC LEARNING DISORDER.

A
  1. inaccurate, slow word reading
  2. difficulties understanding what is read
  3. difficulties spelling words
  4. difficulties in written expression
  5. difficulties developing number sense
  6. difficulties in mathematical reasoning.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reading involves 2 processes:

A
  1. Breaking words down into individual sounds.
  2. Bringing individual sounds together to from whole words.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name 3 deficits evident in reading impairments.

A
  • Word recognition
  • Reading fluency
  • Reading comprehension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are 3 typical errors of people with reading impairments?

A
  • reversals
  • transpositions
  • inversions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 Deficits in impairment in written expression.

A
  • Spelling accuracy
  • Grammar and punctuation accuracy
  • Organisation of written expression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is impairment in written expression also known as?

A

Dysgraphia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

I.t.o, impairment in mathematics, what deficits are evident?

A
  • number sense
  • memorising facts
  • accurate calculations
  • accurate mathematical reasoning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Impairments in mathematics is also known as…?

A

Dyscalculia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Skills that may be impaired by impairment in mathematics?

A
  • recognising numbers and symbols
  • aligning numbers
  • memorising facts
  • understanding abstract concepts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Steps of DIRECT INSTRUCTION.

A
  • introduction
  • present new materials
  • guided practice
  • feedback and corrections
  • independent practice
  • evaluation and review
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Steps for DIRECT BEHAVIOURAL INSTRUCTION.

A

in notes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Basic elements for a successful beginning reading plan:

A
  • provide direct instruction for language analysis
  • provide direct teaching of the alphabetic code
  • teach reading and spelling together
  • provide reading instruction
  • teach automaticity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is ADHD categorised as?

A

A neurodevelopmental disorder.

28
Q

Define ADHD.

A

A neurodevelopment disorder exhibited by age inappropriate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, that is sufficient enough to cause impairment in major life activities.

29
Q

Key symptoms false under 2 categories.

A
  • inattention
    hyperactivity-impulsivity
30
Q

List the 9 symptoms for INATTENTION.

A
  • attention to details
  • sustained attention in tasks
  • doesn’t listen when spoken to
  • doesn’t follow through with instructions
  • doesn’t organise tasks
  • avoids tasks that require sustained mental effort
  • loses things necessary for tasks
  • easily distracted
  • forgetful
31
Q

What are the 9 symptoms for HYPERACTIVITY-IMPULSIVITY.

A
  • fidgets
  • leaves seat
  • runs about
  • tasks cannot be done quietly
  • “on the go” run by a motor
  • talks excessively
  • blurts out answers
  • difficulty waiting their turn
  • interrups and intrudes
32
Q

What are the 5 types of attention.

A

Selective attention
Distractibility
Sustained attention
Alertness
Attentional capacity

33
Q

What are 3 types of impulsivity.

A

Cognitive impulsivity
Behavioural impulsivity
Emotional impulsivity

34
Q

Name the ADHD presentation types/ subtype specifiers.

A

Combined pres.
(ADHD-C)
Predominantly inattentive pres.
(ADHD-PI)
Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive pres.
(ADHD-HI)

35
Q

What are the 3 diagnostic subgroups of ADHD-PI?

A
  1. Children who display both clinically significant symptoms of inattention and subclinical.
  2. Children whose inattentive symptoms is linked to SLUGGISH COGNITIVE TEMPO (SCT).
  3. Those who were ADHD-C but experienced a reduction in hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms that is age-related.
36
Q

Name 2 limitations of DSM-5 criteria for ADHD.

A
  1. Developmentally insensitive
  2. Categorical view of ADHD.
37
Q

Define EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS (EFs).

A

Cognitive process in the brain that activates, integrates, and manages other brain functions.

38
Q

List the impaired executive functions in ADHD.

A
  • organise, prioritise
  • focus
  • regulate alertness
  • manage frustration
  • working memory
  • regulate action
39
Q

What processes are involved in EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS?

A
  • cognitive processes
  • language processes
  • motor processes
  • emotional processes
40
Q

Define positive bias.

A

exaggeration of one’s competence.

41
Q

Name a few accompanying disorders to ADHD.

A
  • Oppositional defiant disorder & conduct disorder
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Mood disorders
  • Developmental coordination and tic disorders
42
Q

Symptoms for ODD fall into 2 types.

A
  1. Irritability
  2. Defiance
43
Q

Define developmental coordination disorder (DCD).

A

Marked motor incoordination and delays in motor milestones.

44
Q

Name 4 causal influences of ADHD.

A
  1. Cognitive functioning deficits
  2. Reward/motivation deficits.
  3. Self-regulation deficits
  4. Arousal level deficits
45
Q

Define “GOODNESS OF FIT”.

A

The match between the child’s early temperament and the parent’s early interaction style.

46
Q

List 3 primary ADHD treatments.

A
  1. Stimulant medication
  2. Parent management training (PMT)
  3. Educational intervention
47
Q

What is a type of intensive treatment?

A

Summer treatment programs.

48
Q

List 3 additional ADHD treatments.

A
  1. Family counselling
  2. Support groups
  3. Individual counselling
49
Q

Define “response-cost procedures”.

A

disruptive behaviours may be punished that involve loss of privileges, time out etc.

50
Q

Define CONDUCT PROBLEMS AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOURS.

A

Age-inappropriate behaviours that violate the rights of others.

51
Q

What is JUVENILE DELINQUENCY?

A

Refers to children who have broken a law.

52
Q

Minim age of criminal responsibility in South Africa.

A

Ages 10-14.

53
Q

4 categories of conduct problems:

A
  1. Covert-destructive (property violations)
  2. Overt-destructive (aggression)
  3. Covert non-destructive (status violations)
  4. Overt non-destructive (oppositional behaviour)
54
Q

Define INTERMITTENT EXPLOSIVE DISORDER.

A

Aggressive outbursts in response to minor provocations.

55
Q

PYROMANIA.

A

Multiple episodes of deliberate fire setting.

56
Q

KLEPTOMANIA.

A

Inability to resist the impulse to steal things you don’t need.

57
Q

Name 2 DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOUR DISORDERS.

A
  1. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
  2. Conduct disorder (CD)
58
Q

3 symptom categories/CLUSTERS of oppositional defiant disorder.

A

angry/irritable mood
argumentative/defiant behaviour
vindictiveness

59
Q

Symptoms of ODD can be grouped into 3 DIMENSIONS.

A
  • negative affect
  • defiance
  • hurtful behaviour
60
Q

4 DIMENSIONS of CONDUCT DISORDER.

A
  • aggression to people and animals
  • destruction of property
  • deceitfulness and theft
  • serious violation of rules
61
Q

5 SPECIFIERS of CD.

A
  • with limited prosocial emotions
  • lack of remorse or guilt
  • callous-lack of empathy
  • unconcerned with performance
  • shallow affect
62
Q

Define the process of DIVERSIFICATION.

A

When children add new forms of antisocial behaviours over time rather than replacing them.

63
Q

2 pathways of conduct problems.

A
  • life-course persistent path
  • adolescent-limited path
64
Q

Social-cognitive abilities.

A

The ability to interpret and respond to social cues.

65
Q

Steps in thinking of aggressive children in social situations.

A

1 - encoding
2 - interpretation
3 - response search
4 - response decision
5 - enactment

66
Q

The 9 PRINCIPLES of Multisystemic Therapy (MST).

A
  • finding the fit
  • positive and strength focused
  • increased responsibility
  • present focused
  • targeting sequences
  • developmentally appropriate
  • continuous effort
  • evaluation and accountability
  • generalisation
67
Q

Name treatments for CD.

A
  • Parent management training
  • problem solving skills training
  • multisystemic therapy

Psychology 310 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions