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Psychology 310 > Adult Psychopathology Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Adult Psychopathology Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is adult psychopathology?

A

the scientific study of psychological disorders in adulthood e.g. the nature, casques, and treatment of psychological disorders.

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2
Q

What is a clinical assessment?

A

A systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person presenting a possible psychological disorder.

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3
Q

What is diagnosis?

A

A process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the criteria for a psychological disorder.

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4
Q

To reach a diagnostic conclusion the diagnostic process relies on 2 components:

A
  1. Securing symptoms and signs and interpreting the sources of information.
  2. Requires knowledge about normal functioning and behaviour and their pathological counterparts.
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5
Q

What is a symptom?

A

It is a manifestation of a state or condition that is considered abnormal as reported by the affected individual.

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6
Q

What is a sign?

A

A sign is observed by another individual.

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7
Q

For the diagnostic process we want to know 3 things.

A

who; why; and what.

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8
Q

Algorithmic approach

A

step-by-step approach to solving problem.

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9
Q

Pattern recognition approach

A

recognising patterns.

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10
Q

Hypothetico deductive method

A

a hypothesis about the problem is formed where the history forms the main substance of the hypothesis.

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11
Q

Pathognomonic diagnosis

A

Clinician rules out problems in areas and focuses on more relevant areas.

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12
Q

Types of diagnosis (5):

A
  1. Experiential or phenomenological diagnosis.
  2. Syndromal diagnosis.
  3. Pathogenic or Aetiological diagnosis.
  4. Functional diagnosis.
  5. Differential diagnosis.
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13
Q

Key concepts that help determine the value of assessments:

A
  1. Reliability
  2. Validity
  3. Standardisation
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14
Q

Define reliability:

A

The degree to which a , measurement is consistent.

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15
Q

2 types of reliability:

A
  • Test-retest reliability
  • Inter-rater reliability
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16
Q

Define validity:

A

The degree to which a technique measures what it is designed to measure.

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17
Q

2 types of validity:

A
  • Concurrent validity
  • Predictive validity
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18
Q

Define standardisation:

A

Application of certain standards to ensure consistency across different measurements.

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19
Q

The clinical encounter involves 3 components:

A
  1. Clinical history
  2. Mental state examination
  3. Behavioural observations/assessment
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20
Q

Elements of the clinical history (6):

A
  • Identifying & demographic information
  • Primary complaint
  • Systematic inquiry
  • Medical history
  • Habits
  • Psychosocial adaptation & functioning
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21
Q

Define mental state examination:

A

Brief, but systematic overview of mental functioning across the domains of consciousness, cognitive functioning, emotions, reality testing, and behaviour.

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22
Q

What are the domains & features of a MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION (6) ?

A
  1. Description of general appearance
  2. Consciousness, arousal and cognitive functions
  3. Mood and Affect
  4. Reality testing
  5. Motoric and other behaviours
  6. Other observations
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23
Q

What is the “problem of reactivity” ?

A

Simply observing a behavior may cause it to change due to the person’s knowledge of being observed.

24
Q

What are the “ABC’s” of observations ?

A

Antecedents (before behaviour)
Behaviour (now)
Consequence (after behaviour)

25
Q

Self-monitoring

A

Self-observation

26
Q

Cardiac ischaemia

A

Insufficient blood supply to the heart which may cause panic.

27
Q

Lupus

A

May cause psychosis.

28
Q

Under functioning thyroid

A

May cause depression.

29
Q

Components of a PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:

A

Vital signs
General observations
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Abdominal
Rectal examination
Pelvic/gyno examination
Musculoskeletal
Ear, nose, and throat
Eyes
Oral cavity
Dermatological
Neurological

30
Q

What is a semi structured clinical interview ?

A

Made up of questions that have been carefully phrased to elicit useful information.

31
Q

What are the specialised areas of psychological testing ?

A
  • Intelligence testing (determines the structure of cognition_
  • Neuropsychological testing (determines the contribution of brain dysfunction to a person’s cognition)
32
Q

What is PROJECTIVE TESTING ?

A

Clinician presents ambiguous stimuli to client with the assumptions that their response will reveal their unconscious conflicts.

33
Q

Types of projective tests :

A

Rorschach inkblot test
Comprehensive system
Thematic apperception test (TAT)

34
Q

Name 2 TAT tests :

A

Children’s apperception test (CAT)
Senior apperception test (SAT)

35
Q

What is a PERSONALITY INVENTORY ?

A

Self-report questionnaire where respondents are asked to identify descriptions that apply to them.

36
Q

What does MMPI stand for ?

A

Minnesota multiphase personality inventory.

37
Q

What does the MMPI do ?

A

The person being assessed reads statements and answers ‘true’ or ‘false’.

38
Q

Name one strength and one weakness of personality inventories.

A

Strength = high reliability and validity
Weakness = time-consuming

39
Q

Name 2 intelligence tests.

A

Stanford-Binet test
Wäscher Intelligence scales

40
Q

What does the Stanford binet test do?

A

Provides an IQ score.

41
Q

What does the Weschler Intelligence Scales do?

A

It test verbal and performance scales.

42
Q

What is neuropsychological testing?

A

Assessment of brain and nervous system function by testing a person’s performance on behavioural tasks.

43
Q

Name 2 neuropsychological tests.

A

Bender visual-motor gestalt test
Neuropsychological battery test

44
Q

What does the bender visual-motor gestalt test do?

A

A patient must copy what is drawn on the card.

45
Q

What are some neuropsychological battery tests ?

A
  • Rhythm test
  • Strength of grip test
  • Tactile performance test
46
Q

Neuroimaging can be divided into 2 categories:

A
  • Structural imaging
  • Functional imaging
47
Q

What are some examples of structural images?

A

X-ray; CT-scan; MRI-scan

48
Q

What does MRI-scan stand for?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging.

49
Q

What is an example of functional images?

A

PET-scan

50
Q

Name and explain 2 strategies used in diagnosing psychological disorders.

A
  1. Idiographic strategy - investigates the individual and what makes them unique.
  2. Nomothetic strategy - investigates a large group of people with the same disorder.
51
Q

What does ICD stand for?

A

International Classification of Diseases.

52
Q

What does DSM stand for?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

53
Q

Name and define the different approaches to classification.

A
  1. Classical (pure) categorical approach - classification method based on the assumption that there are clear cut differences between disorders, and that each disorder has unique causes.
  2. Dimensional approach - method of categorising characteristics on a continuum rather that an all or none basis.
  3. Prototypical approach - combines the previous 2 approaches.
54
Q

What 4 disorders were added to the DSM-5-TR?

A

Prolonged grief disorder
Unspecified mood disorder
Olfactory reference disorder
Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to an unknown aetiology

55
Q

Mention 2 criticisms of the DSM-5.

A

Can lead to labeling and stigma.
Bound to change.

Psychology 310 (6 decks)

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