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Psychology 310 > Adult Psychopathology Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Adult Psychopathology Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is adult psychopathology?

A

the scientific study of psychological disorders in adulthood e.g. the nature, casques, and treatment of psychological disorders.

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2
Q

What is a clinical assessment?

A

A systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person presenting a possible psychological disorder.

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3
Q

What is diagnosis?

A

A process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the criteria for a psychological disorder.

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4
Q

To reach a diagnostic conclusion the diagnostic process relies on 2 components:

A
  1. Securing symptoms and signs and interpreting the sources of information.
  2. Requires knowledge about normal functioning and behaviour and their pathological counterparts.
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5
Q

What is a symptom?

A

It is a manifestation of a state or condition that is considered abnormal as reported by the affected individual.

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6
Q

What is a sign?

A

A sign is observed by another individual.

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7
Q

For the diagnostic process we want to know 3 things.

A

who; why; and what.

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8
Q

Algorithmic approach

A

step-by-step approach to solving problem.

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9
Q

Pattern recognition approach

A

recognising patterns.

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10
Q

Hypothetico deductive method

A

a hypothesis about the problem is formed where the history forms the main substance of the hypothesis.

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11
Q

Pathognomonic diagnosis

A

Clinician rules out problems in areas and focuses on more relevant areas.

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12
Q

Types of diagnosis (5):

A
  1. Experiential or phenomenological diagnosis.
  2. Syndromal diagnosis.
  3. Pathogenic or Aetiological diagnosis.
  4. Functional diagnosis.
  5. Differential diagnosis.
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13
Q

Key concepts that help determine the value of assessments:

A
  1. Reliability
  2. Validity
  3. Standardisation
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14
Q

Define reliability:

A

The degree to which a , measurement is consistent.

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15
Q

2 types of reliability:

A
  • Test-retest reliability
  • Inter-rater reliability
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16
Q

Define validity:

A

The degree to which a technique measures what it is designed to measure.

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17
Q

2 types of validity:

A
  • Concurrent validity
  • Predictive validity
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18
Q

Define standardisation:

A

Application of certain standards to ensure consistency across different measurements.

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19
Q

The clinical encounter involves 3 components:

A
  1. Clinical history
  2. Mental state examination
  3. Behavioural observations/assessment
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20
Q

Elements of the clinical history (6):

A
  • Identifying & demographic information
  • Primary complaint
  • Systematic inquiry
  • Medical history
  • Habits
  • Psychosocial adaptation & functioning
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21
Q

Define mental state examination:

A

Brief, but systematic overview of mental functioning across the domains of consciousness, cognitive functioning, emotions, reality testing, and behaviour.

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22
Q

What are the domains & features of a MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION (6) ?

A
  1. Description of general appearance
  2. Consciousness, arousal and cognitive functions
  3. Mood and Affect
  4. Reality testing
  5. Motoric and other behaviours
  6. Other observations
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23
Q

What is the “problem of reactivity” ?

A

Simply observing a behavior may cause it to change due to the person’s knowledge of being observed.

24
Q

What are the “ABC’s” of observations ?

A

Antecedents (before behaviour)
Behaviour (now)
Consequence (after behaviour)

25
Self-monitoring
Self-observation
26
Cardiac ischaemia
Insufficient blood supply to the heart which may cause panic.
27
Lupus
May cause psychosis.
28
Under functioning thyroid
May cause depression.
29
Components of a PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:
Vital signs General observations Cardiovascular Respiratory Abdominal Rectal examination Pelvic/gyno examination Musculoskeletal Ear, nose, and throat Eyes Oral cavity Dermatological Neurological
30
What is a semi structured clinical interview ?
Made up of questions that have been carefully phrased to elicit useful information.
31
What are the specialised areas of psychological testing ?
- Intelligence testing (determines the structure of cognition_ - Neuropsychological testing (determines the contribution of brain dysfunction to a person's cognition)
32
What is PROJECTIVE TESTING ?
Clinician presents ambiguous stimuli to client with the assumptions that their response will reveal their unconscious conflicts.
33
Types of projective tests :
Rorschach inkblot test Comprehensive system Thematic apperception test (TAT)
34
Name 2 TAT tests :
Children's apperception test (CAT) Senior apperception test (SAT)
35
What is a PERSONALITY INVENTORY ?
Self-report questionnaire where respondents are asked to identify descriptions that apply to them.
36
What does MMPI stand for ?
Minnesota multiphase personality inventory.
37
What does the MMPI do ?
The person being assessed reads statements and answers 'true' or 'false'.
38
Name one strength and one weakness of personality inventories.
Strength = high reliability and validity Weakness = time-consuming
39
Name 2 intelligence tests.
Stanford-Binet test Wäscher Intelligence scales
40
What does the Stanford binet test do?
Provides an IQ score.
41
What does the Weschler Intelligence Scales do?
It test verbal and performance scales.
42
What is neuropsychological testing?
Assessment of brain and nervous system function by testing a person's performance on behavioural tasks.
43
Name 2 neuropsychological tests.
Bender visual-motor gestalt test Neuropsychological battery test
44
What does the bender visual-motor gestalt test do?
A patient must copy what is drawn on the card.
45
What are some neuropsychological battery tests ?
- Rhythm test - Strength of grip test - Tactile performance test
46
Neuroimaging can be divided into 2 categories:
- Structural imaging - Functional imaging
47
What are some examples of structural images?
X-ray; CT-scan; MRI-scan
48
What does MRI-scan stand for?
Magnetic resonance imaging.
49
What is an example of functional images?
PET-scan
50
Name and explain 2 strategies used in diagnosing psychological disorders.
1. Idiographic strategy - investigates the individual and what makes them unique. 2. Nomothetic strategy - investigates a large group of people with the same disorder.
51
What does ICD stand for?
International Classification of Diseases.
52
What does DSM stand for?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
53
Name and define the different approaches to classification.
1. Classical (pure) categorical approach - classification method based on the assumption that there are clear cut differences between disorders, and that each disorder has unique causes. 2. Dimensional approach - method of categorising characteristics on a continuum rather that an all or none basis. 3. Prototypical approach - combines the previous 2 approaches.
54
What 4 disorders were added to the DSM-5-TR?
Prolonged grief disorder Unspecified mood disorder Olfactory reference disorder Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to an unknown aetiology
55
Mention 2 criticisms of the DSM-5.
Can lead to labeling and stigma. Bound to change.

Psychology 310 (6 decks)

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