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Psychology 310 > Adult Psychopathology Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Adult Psychopathology Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define anxiety.

A

Mood state characterised by negative feelings, behaviours, and physiological responses due to anticipation of future danger or misfortune.

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2
Q

Define fear.

A

Normal, natural response to a threat.

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3
Q

Define pathological fear.

A

Fearful state experienced in excess of the threat/ without the threat present.

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4
Q

What would be the pathological response to animal?

A

Specific phobia.

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5
Q

What would be the pathological response to smothering?

A

Panic attack, panic disorder.

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6
Q

What would be the pathological response to social rejection?

A

Social anxiety.

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7
Q

Define PANIC.

A

Sudden overwhelming fright or terror.

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8
Q

Define PANIC ATTACK.

A

Abrupt experience of fear/discomfort accompanied by physical symptoms. It reaches a peak within minutes.

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9
Q

Name 2 types of panic attacks.

A

Expected (cued)
Unexpected (uncued)

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10
Q

Name 4/ more symptoms that accompany panic attacks.

A
  • palpitations
  • sweating
  • trembling
  • shortness of breath
  • feelings of choking
  • chest pain
  • nausea
  • dizzy/ lightheaded
  • chills
    etc.
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11
Q

What is paraesthesias?

A

Numbness or tingling sensations.

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12
Q

What is the difference between derealisation and depersonalisation?

A

Derealisation = detach from reality.
Depersonalisation = detach from oneself.

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13
Q

True or False.
No single gene causes anxiety/panic.

A

True.

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14
Q

What hormones can cause anxiety?

A

Dopamine, adrenaline, and serotonin.

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15
Q

What is the CRF system?

A

Corticotropin-releasing factor.

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16
Q

What does CRF do?

A

Central to the expression of anxiety and depression.

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17
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.

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18
Q

What does the HPA axis do?

A

Adjusts the hormones in response to stress; required for stress adaptation.

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19
Q

Explain the process of HPA axis.

A

Stress results in hypothalamus stimulating pituitary gland to release hormones that further cause the adrenal glands to release cortisol.

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20
Q

What is the area of the brain most associated with anxiety?

A

The limbic system.

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21
Q

What brain circuit causes anxiety?

A

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS).

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22
Q

Name and explain 2 psychological contributions to anxiety.

A

Generalized psychological vulnerability - a general sense of uncontrollability and unpredictability.

Specific Psychological vulnerability - believe specific things are dangerous.

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23
Q

Name 2 social contributions to anxiety.

A

Social & interpersonal stressors.

Socio-economic stress.

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24
Q

3 vulnerabilities that contribute to the development of anxiety disorders (TRIPLE VULNERABILITY MODEL).

A
  1. Biological vulnerability
  2. Specific psychological vulnerability
  3. Generalized psychological vulnerability
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25
Q

What other psychological disorders are anxiety often comorbid with?

A
  • Depression
  • Alcohol/substance abuse
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26
Q

Define Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD).

A

an Anxiety disorder characterised by uncontrollable, intense, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive, accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness.

27
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for Generalised Anxiety Disorder?

A

in notes

28
Q

What causes GAD?

A

Generalized biological vulnerability - inherit tenseness.

Generalized psychological vulnerability - anxiety sensitive.

Overactive frontal lobes in the brain.

29
Q

How to treat/manage GAD?

A

Medication
Benzodiazepines or Beta-antagonists

Psychological
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT)
Meditation

30
Q

Define PANIC DISORDER.

A

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks accompanied by concern for future attacks.

31
Q

Define AGORAPHOBIA.

A

Anxiety disorder characterised by anxiety about being in certain places or situations from which you cannot escape when you start to feel panic symptoms.

32
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for Panic Disorder?

A

in notes

33
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for Agoraphobia?

A

in notes

34
Q

Panic attacks between 1:30 - 3:30.

A

Nocturnal panic.

35
Q

An overemphasis of academic achievement.

A

Brain fag syndrome.

36
Q

What causes panic disorder and agoraphobia?

A

The triple vulnerability model.

37
Q

What is the preferred medication of panic disorders?

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibiters (SSRI’s)

38
Q

What psychological treatment helps with panic disorder and what does it do?

A

Panic Control Treatment (PCT) - exposes the patient to physiological sensations that remind them of their panic attacks.

39
Q

What is the best treatment for Panic disorder?

A

Combined psychological and pharmacological treatment.

40
Q

Define specific phobia.

A

Unreasonable fear of a specific thing that interferes with daily life functioning.

41
Q

What are some causes of specific phobia?

A
  1. Directly experiencing danger
  2. Experiencing false alarm
  3. Learned fear
  4. Being told about danger
42
Q

What are the subtypes/ specifiers of specific phobia?

A
  • Blood injection injury
  • Animal
  • Situational
  • Natural environment
  • Other phobias
43
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for specific phobia?

A

in notes

44
Q

How to treat specific phobia?

A

By using exposure based therapy like Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).

Antituberculosis agent d-cycloserine in conjunction with exposure therapy.

45
Q

Define social anxiety disorder (SAD).

A

Extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations.

46
Q

What is the specifier/subtype for Social Anxiety Disorder?

A

Performance only: anxiety only in performance situations e.g. public speaking.

47
Q

Define trauma and stressor related disorders.

A

Emotional disorders that may occur after exposure to a variety of traumatic events or stressors.

48
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for PTSD ?

A

in notes

49
Q

What are the specifiers for PTSD ?

A

With dissociative symptoms - depersonalisation and derealisation.

With delayed onset - at least 6 months.

50
Q

What is Acute Stress Disorder?

A

Experience same symptoms as PTSD except symptoms don’t persist past 1 month. if they do victims are diagnosed with PTSD.

51
Q

Define prolonged grief disorder.

A

Disorder where a person experiences intense longing for the deceased and a range of other symptoms that makes it difficult to move on with life even after 1 year or more has passed.

52
Q

Reactive Attachment Disorder

A

Attachment disorder in which a disturbed child neither seeks out or respond to caregivers.

53
Q

Define obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A

Disorder involving unwanted, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them.

54
Q

What is an obsession?

A

Persistent and recurrent thoughts.

55
Q

What is compulsion?

A

Repetitive actions.

56
Q

4 types of obsessive-compulsions.

A
  1. Symmetry
  2. Forbidden thoughts or actions
  3. Cleaning/contaminate
  4. Hoarding
57
Q

What are the obsessive compulsive specifiers?

A
  • With good/fair insight
  • With poor insight
  • Delusional beliefs
  • Tic-related
58
Q

Psychological treatment of OCD.

A

Exposure and ritual Prevention (ERP).

59
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for OCD?

A

in notes

60
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder.

A

“Imagined ugliness”

61
Q

Specifiers of body dysmorphic disorder.

A
  • With muscle dysmorphia
  • With good/ fair insight
  • With poor insight
  • Delusional beliefs
62
Q

Diagnostic criteria of Body Dysmorphic Disorder.

A

in notes

63
Q

Name 3 less popular OCD related disorders.

A
  1. Hoarding disorder
  2. Hair pulling disorder
  3. Skin picking disorder

Psychology 310 (6 decks)

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