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Psychology 310 > Adult Psychopathology Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Adult Psychopathology Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Define anxiety.

A

Mood state characterised by negative feelings, behaviours, and physiological responses due to anticipation of future danger or misfortune.

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2
Q

Define fear.

A

Normal, natural response to a threat.

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3
Q

Define pathological fear.

A

Fearful state experienced in excess of the threat/ without the threat present.

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4
Q

What would be the pathological response to animal?

A

Specific phobia.

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5
Q

What would be the pathological response to smothering?

A

Panic attack, panic disorder.

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6
Q

What would be the pathological response to social rejection?

A

Social anxiety.

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7
Q

Define PANIC.

A

Sudden overwhelming fright or terror.

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8
Q

Define PANIC ATTACK.

A

Abrupt experience of fear/discomfort accompanied by physical symptoms. It reaches a peak within minutes.

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9
Q

Name 2 types of panic attacks.

A

Expected (cued)
Unexpected (uncued)

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10
Q

Name 4/ more symptoms that accompany panic attacks.

A
  • palpitations
  • sweating
  • trembling
  • shortness of breath
  • feelings of choking
  • chest pain
  • nausea
  • dizzy/ lightheaded
  • chills
    etc.
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11
Q

What is paraesthesias?

A

Numbness or tingling sensations.

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12
Q

What is the difference between derealisation and depersonalisation?

A

Derealisation = detach from reality.
Depersonalisation = detach from oneself.

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13
Q

True or False.
No single gene causes anxiety/panic.

A

True.

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14
Q

What hormones can cause anxiety?

A

Dopamine, adrenaline, and serotonin.

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15
Q

What is the CRF system?

A

Corticotropin-releasing factor.

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16
Q

What does CRF do?

A

Central to the expression of anxiety and depression.

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17
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.

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18
Q

What does the HPA axis do?

A

Adjusts the hormones in response to stress; required for stress adaptation.

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19
Q

Explain the process of HPA axis.

A

Stress results in hypothalamus stimulating pituitary gland to release hormones that further cause the adrenal glands to release cortisol.

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20
Q

What is the area of the brain most associated with anxiety?

A

The limbic system.

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21
Q

What brain circuit causes anxiety?

A

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS).

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22
Q

Name and explain 2 psychological contributions to anxiety.

A

Generalized psychological vulnerability - a general sense of uncontrollability and unpredictability.

Specific Psychological vulnerability - believe specific things are dangerous.

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23
Q

Name 2 social contributions to anxiety.

A

Social & interpersonal stressors.

Socio-economic stress.

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24
Q

3 vulnerabilities that contribute to the development of anxiety disorders (TRIPLE VULNERABILITY MODEL).

A
  1. Biological vulnerability
  2. Specific psychological vulnerability
  3. Generalized psychological vulnerability
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25
What other psychological disorders are anxiety often comorbid with?
- Depression - Alcohol/substance abuse
26
Define Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
an Anxiety disorder characterised by uncontrollable, intense, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive, accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness.
27
What are the diagnostic criteria for Generalised Anxiety Disorder?
*in notes*
28
What causes GAD?
Generalized biological vulnerability - inherit tenseness. Generalized psychological vulnerability - anxiety sensitive. Overactive frontal lobes in the brain.
29
How to treat/manage GAD?
Medication Benzodiazepines or Beta-antagonists Psychological Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT) Meditation
30
Define PANIC DISORDER.
Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks accompanied by concern for future attacks.
31
Define AGORAPHOBIA.
Anxiety disorder characterised by anxiety about being in certain places or situations from which you cannot escape when you start to feel panic symptoms.
32
What are the diagnostic criteria for Panic Disorder?
*in notes*
33
What are the diagnostic criteria for Agoraphobia?
*in notes*
34
Panic attacks between 1:30 - 3:30.
Nocturnal panic.
35
An overemphasis of academic achievement.
Brain fag syndrome.
36
What causes panic disorder and agoraphobia?
The triple vulnerability model.
37
What is the preferred medication of panic disorders?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibiters (SSRI's)
38
What psychological treatment helps with panic disorder and what does it do?
Panic Control Treatment (PCT) - exposes the patient to physiological sensations that remind them of their panic attacks.
39
What is the best treatment for Panic disorder?
Combined psychological and pharmacological treatment.
40
Define specific phobia.
Unreasonable fear of a specific thing that interferes with daily life functioning.
41
What are some causes of specific phobia?
1. Directly experiencing danger 2. Experiencing false alarm 3. Learned fear 4. Being told about danger
42
What are the subtypes/ specifiers of specific phobia?
- Blood injection injury - Animal - Situational - Natural environment - Other phobias
43
What is the diagnostic criteria for specific phobia?
*in notes*
44
How to treat specific phobia?
By using exposure based therapy like Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Antituberculosis agent d-cycloserine in conjunction with exposure therapy.
45
Define social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations.
46
What is the specifier/subtype for Social Anxiety Disorder?
Performance only: anxiety only in performance situations e.g. public speaking.
47
Define trauma and stressor related disorders.
Emotional disorders that may occur after exposure to a variety of traumatic events or stressors.
48
What are the diagnostic criteria for PTSD ?
*in notes*
49
What are the specifiers for PTSD ?
With dissociative symptoms - depersonalisation and derealisation. With delayed onset - at least 6 months.
50
What is Acute Stress Disorder?
Experience same symptoms as PTSD except symptoms don't persist past 1 month. if they do victims are diagnosed with PTSD.
51
Define prolonged grief disorder.
Disorder where a person experiences intense longing for the deceased and a range of other symptoms that makes it difficult to move on with life even after 1 year or more has passed.
52
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Attachment disorder in which a disturbed child neither seeks out or respond to caregivers.
53
Define obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Disorder involving unwanted, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them.
54
What is an obsession?
Persistent and recurrent thoughts.
55
What is compulsion?
Repetitive actions.
56
4 types of obsessive-compulsions.
1. Symmetry 2. Forbidden thoughts or actions 3. Cleaning/contaminate 4. Hoarding
57
What are the obsessive compulsive specifiers?
- With good/fair insight - With poor insight - Delusional beliefs - Tic-related
58
Psychological treatment of OCD.
Exposure and ritual Prevention (ERP).
59
What are the diagnostic criteria for OCD?
*in notes*
60
Body dysmorphic disorder.
"Imagined ugliness"
61
Specifiers of body dysmorphic disorder.
- With muscle dysmorphia - With good/ fair insight - With poor insight - Delusional beliefs
62
Diagnostic criteria of Body Dysmorphic Disorder.
*in notes*
63
Name 3 less popular OCD related disorders.
1. Hoarding disorder 2. Hair pulling disorder 3. Skin picking disorder

Psychology 310 (6 decks)

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