exam revision Flashcards
types of muscles
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
3 joint types
synovial- free movement, knee
cartilaginous- slight movement,
fixed- no movement, cranium
sliding filament theory
electrical impulses arrives at the relaxed muscle
calcium is realesed bonding the actin
cross bridge pulls actin to the middle
what is each muscle made up of
muscle fibres
2 types of joint movemnt
circumdiction
rotation
slow twitch fibres
red, long duration
fast twitch
white, short duration, generate high amounts of force
all or nothing principle
when an electrical impulse reaches a certain threshold, all fibres contract creating max force.
sub max contraction
less motor units recruited
vasoconstriciton
blood vessels contract to stop blood flowing through
vasodilation
blood vessels open to allow blood through
what are myofibrils made of
sarcomeres
whats each muscle fibre made up of
myofirbil
what do creatine supplements do
-helps to repair the micro tears faster, speeding up recovery process
- allows for more explosive movements ( muscular power)
3 negatives of creatine supplement
weight gain
dehydration
cramping
what do protein supplements do
helps with the construction of our muscles
2 negatives of protein supplement
expensive
strain on kidneys
2 benefits of preotein supplement
easy access
easy consumed
what is resistance training
development of muscular strength power or endurance by working specific muscles against resistance. e.g bicep curl with weight
what is muscular power
explosive movements over a short- medium period of time
what is muscular endurance
ability to contract muscles over a period of time
3 anabolic steroids benefits
increased strength and power
train more regularly and harder
increased protein synthesis
2 negatives of anabolic steroids
mood swings
-hypertension
3 sociocultural reason to taking illegal drugs
-pressure
- financial reward
- drug culture
what are the 3 steps of a warm up
light aerobic activity @ 50-60% MHR 5 mins
dynamic stretching - 5 mins
sport specific skills- 5
continuous training
bout of activity performed non stop for 20 mins at sub max intensity in aerobic training zone
fartlek training
variation of continuous with random bursts of speed
interval training
alternating periods of high intensity work periods with lower intensity periods of rest
altitude training
training higher than 1500m above sea level to induce physical changes that enhances carrying capacity of blood
2 physiological altitude changes
increase red blood cells
increase capillaries
2 performance benefits altitude changes
increases use of 02 by muscles
- ability to produce atp, training longer
2 potential harm of altitude
sickenss
blood thickening
synthetic EPO
roduces more haemoglobin for oxygen to attatch to- train for longer
2 harms of EPO & blood doping
dehydration
blood clots
2 potential harms of beta blockers
hypotension
tiredness
Stroke volume
amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart each contraction
measured as L/min
when u reach 60% is plateus
cardiac output (q)
total amount of blood ejected by left ventricle of the heart each minute
HRXSV
2 function of red blood cells
transports oxygen
takes away carbon dioxide
white blood cells
fights infection and virus by absorbing
platelets
clots the blood
plasma
transports nutrients and homrones
thermoregulation
balanced body temp
WADA law
- has the potential to put an athelte at risk
- hast he ability to enhance performance
- challenges the spirit of the sport
stage 1 of cardiac cycle ( 3 steps)
the atrias fill with blood
blood returns through vena cava into the right atrium
blood returns from lungs into the left atrium thorough pulmonary vein
stage 2 ( two steps)
pressure builds in atria making bicuppid and tricuppid valves open
the blood goes into ventricles
stage 3 ( 3 steps)
ventricles contract
blood moves into aorta to the rest of the body
or into the pulmonary artery and into lungs
capillary 3 functions
diffusion
precapillary sphincters ( hairties)
highways, like a valve when exercising open to skin close to organs
artery 3 functions
transport oxygen rich blood
connects to capillaries
exchanges gases and nutrients
respiritory rate
amount of breaths per minute
residual volume
amount of air left into the lungs
ventialtion
amount of air breathed in and out per minute
TVXRR
ventilation is abke to increase until max level
tidal volume
tv is increased until submax
amount of air breathed in and out per breath
pulmonary diffusiion
gas exchange @ the lungs
gas exchange
when oxygen moves into blood carbon dioxide moves into lungs
oxygen deficit
oxygen demanded by the activity is greater than the oxygen being supplied by the body.
EPOC
amount of oxygen consumed during the recovery from exercise that is above resting levels
when you go off to the bench, breathing doesn go down straight away
