exam revision Flashcards by jaz whitten

types of muscles

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

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3 joint types

synovial- free movement, knee
cartilaginous- slight movement,
fixed- no movement, cranium

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sliding filament theory

electrical impulses arrives at the relaxed muscle
calcium is realesed bonding the actin
cross bridge pulls actin to the middle

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what is each muscle made up of

muscle fibres

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2 types of joint movemnt

circumdiction
rotation

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slow twitch fibres

red, long duration

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fast twitch

white, short duration, generate high amounts of force

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all or nothing principle

when an electrical impulse reaches a certain threshold, all fibres contract creating max force.

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sub max contraction

less motor units recruited

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vasoconstriciton

blood vessels contract to stop blood flowing through

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vasodilation

blood vessels open to allow blood through

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what are myofibrils made of

sarcomeres

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whats each muscle fibre made up of

myofirbil

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what do creatine supplements do

-helps to repair the micro tears faster, speeding up recovery process
- allows for more explosive movements ( muscular power)

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3 negatives of creatine supplement

weight gain
dehydration
cramping

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what do protein supplements do

helps with the construction of our muscles

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2 negatives of protein supplement

expensive
strain on kidneys

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2 benefits of preotein supplement

easy access
easy consumed

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what is resistance training

development of muscular strength power or endurance by working specific muscles against resistance. e.g bicep curl with weight

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what is muscular power

explosive movements over a short- medium period of time

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what is muscular endurance

ability to contract muscles over a period of time

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3 anabolic steroids benefits

increased strength and power
train more regularly and harder
increased protein synthesis

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2 negatives of anabolic steroids

mood swings
-hypertension

3 sociocultural reason to taking illegal drugs

-pressure
- financial reward
- drug culture

what are the 3 steps of a warm up

light aerobic activity @ 50-60% MHR 5 mins dynamic stretching - 5 mins sport specific skills- 5

continuous training

bout of activity performed non stop for 20 mins at sub max intensity in aerobic training zone

fartlek training

variation of continuous with random bursts of speed

interval training

alternating periods of high intensity work periods with lower intensity periods of rest

altitude training

training higher than 1500m above sea level to induce physical changes that enhances carrying capacity of blood

2 physiological altitude changes

increase red blood cells increase capillaries

2 performance benefits altitude changes

increases use of 02 by muscles - ability to produce atp, training longer

2 potential harm of altitude

sickenss blood thickening

synthetic EPO

roduces more haemoglobin for oxygen to attatch to- train for longer

2 harms of EPO & blood doping

dehydration blood clots

2 potential harms of beta blockers

hypotension tiredness

Stroke volume

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart each contraction measured as L/min when u reach 60% is plateus

cardiac output (q)

total amount of blood ejected by left ventricle of the heart each minute HRXSV

2 function of red blood cells

transports oxygen takes away carbon dioxide

white blood cells

fights infection and virus by absorbing

platelets

clots the blood

plasma

transports nutrients and homrones

thermoregulation

balanced body temp

WADA law

1. has the potential to put an athelte at risk 2. hast he ability to enhance performance 3. challenges the spirit of the sport

stage 1 of cardiac cycle ( 3 steps)

the atrias fill with blood blood returns through vena cava into the right atrium blood returns from lungs into the left atrium thorough pulmonary vein

stage 2 ( two steps)

pressure builds in atria making bicuppid and tricuppid valves open the blood goes into ventricles

stage 3 ( 3 steps)

ventricles contract blood moves into aorta to the rest of the body or into the pulmonary artery and into lungs

capillary 3 functions

diffusion precapillary sphincters ( hairties) highways, like a valve when exercising open to skin close to organs

artery 3 functions

transport oxygen rich blood connects to capillaries exchanges gases and nutrients

respiritory rate

amount of breaths per minute

residual volume

amount of air left into the lungs

ventialtion

amount of air breathed in and out per minute TVXRR ventilation is abke to increase until max level

tidal volume

tv is increased until submax amount of air breathed in and out per breath

pulmonary diffusiion

gas exchange @ the lungs

gas exchange

when oxygen moves into blood carbon dioxide moves into lungs

oxygen deficit

oxygen demanded by the activity is greater than the oxygen being supplied by the body.

EPOC

amount of oxygen consumed during the recovery from exercise that is above resting levels when you go off to the bench, breathing doesn go down straight away