EXAM REVISION

Question 1

10 characteristics that be used to classify a country as low income.

Answer 1

• Low GNI per capita.
• Low levels of education.
• High unemployment.
• Less access to clean water.
• High birth rates.
• Reduced trade opportunities.
• Poor legal and political systems.
• Poor infrastructure.
• Lack of social security.
• Reduced access to healthcare.

Question 2

10 Aspects of social sustainability.

Answer 2

• Access to social security.
• Access to employment
• low birth rates
• Access to education
• Access to healthcare
• Access to technology
• Access to legal systems
• Social justice systems
• Promotion of human rights
• Gender equality

Question 3

How can the elimination of poverty and provision of social protection systems reduce maternal mortality rates in low and middle income countries?

Answer 3

Through the provision of social protection systems in low and middle income countries, those with low income are able to gain financial support which allows them to access health care. This can allow them to have skilled doctors present during birth, which reduces complications during birth, and reduces maternal mortality ratios in low/middle income countries through safe deliveries.

Question 4

How can gender equality reduce maternal mortality ratios in low/middle income countries?

Answer 4

Gender equality refers to males and females having the same opportunities. In low/middle income countries if females have the same opportunities of education as males, they are able to develop health literacy to understand family planning and spacing during each births. This gives females time to fully recover from the birthing before having another baby, which allows for better childbirth outcomes and reduces rates of maternal mortality ratio in low/middle income countries.

Question 5

Identify 5 aspects of NDIS.

Answer 5

• Funded by the government through taxation.
• Covers Australians who have permanent and significant disability.
• It can provide supports such as wheelchairs, carers, and respite for carers.
• It allows people with a disability to exercise control and choice in the pursuit of their goals.
• It works to promote the ability of people to lead an ‘ordinary’ life.

Question 6

How does NDIS promote spiritual HW in terms of equity?

Answer 6

The NDIS provides appropriate amounts of funding to an individual based on the severity of their disability. This means those who are more impacted by their disease, receive more support, such as funding put towards carers or wheelchairs. This can promote spiritual health and wellbeing, as an individual may feel a deeper sense of belonging, by knowing that their needs are constantly being met.

Question 7

How does the NDIS promote social HW in terms of access?

Answer 7

The NDIS enables individuals with a disability to live a higher quality life, by being able to access employment, education, or participate in community. This can promote social health and wellbeing, because socialising with people at school or in the community can enhance their ability to develop communication skills and a strong social network.

Question 8

Identify a sociocultural factor that may contribute to higher death rates due to coronary disease in remote areas, compared to major cities.

Answer 8

Education- people living outside major cities may be less educated than those living in major cities. As a result, they may have lower health literacy, which is the ability to understand health recommendations and promotions, including the importance of regularly seeing a GP/doctor for checkups. Heart disease caught early may prevent death. As a result, those living more remote, experience higher coronary heart disease than those living in major cities.

Question 9

Identify 5 reasons as to why manufacturers of tobacco might target their marketing at low-income and middle-income countries.

Answer 9

• There is often a desire in these countries to be more like Western cultures.
• There are fewer laws in these countries, associated with tobacco, such as few restrictions on where people can smoke.
• There are lower levels of education in these countries.
• Governments in low- and middle-income countries are more likely to take revenue associated with tobacco sales, rather than value their citizens health.
• Tobacco profits have fallen in high income countries.

Question 10

Explain how the global marketing of tobacco in low- and middle-income countries may influence burden of disease.

Answer 10

People in low- and middle-income countries are more likely to smoke tobacco. This can cause faults in the body cells, as they divide, which can increase the risk of lung cancer, thus increasing YLL in low and middle income countries.

Smoking tobacco can also speed up the process of atherosclerosis which is the build up of plaque on the arteries. This is associated with heart disease and heart attacks, increasing YLD in both low- and middle income countries.

Tobacco contains thousands of toxic chemicals, that can impair an individuals respiratory system, and thus increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This restricts airflow through the lungs, and affect an individuals breathing, thus increasing YLL.

Question 11

Explain why education is a prerequisite for health (4 reasons)

Answer 11

• Having an adequate education, can help individuals pursue a well paying career, and being able to afford additional basic needs such as food, therefore promoting the functioning of the body and its systems (physical HW).
• Education is a prerequisite for health, as it is crucial for being able to gain knowledge on what is healthy and what is not, helping guiding an individuals decisions throughout life, such as not over-consuming alcohol, thus promoting physical health and wellbeing.
• Education allows people to come together, to share knowledge and tackle issues the world may be facing such as climate change. This allows people to meet new people, and develop a strong social network (social HW)
• Education, increases an individuals ability to gain meaningful employment later on in life. Through employment, individuals can find meaning in life, as they feel that they have something to do, and goals to fulfil, thus promoting spiritual HW.

Question 12

What is a stable ecosystem?

Answer 12

A stable ecosystem is an area with both living and non-living organisms. Live organisms involve plants, animals, and humans. Non-living organisms involve soil, rocks, etc.

Question 13

Define stability.

Answer 13

Stability means that all living things are having their needs for water, food, shelter and other essential resources met, such as reproduction, without causing harm to the natural environment.

Question 14

How can a stable ecosystem promote physical HW? (2)

Answer 14

• A stable ecosystem is essential for optimal physical health and wellbeing, as it allows for humans, animals, or plants to grow and flourish with a balance of resources such as water, that can be used by all organisms adequately, to meet their physical needs for survival (physical HW).
• Biodiversity within ecosystems, also offers potential sources for medicines and therapeutic compounds enhancing our capacity to compound health challenges, thus promoting physical HW.

Question 15

How can a stable ecosystem promote mental HW? (2)

Answer 15

• Ecosystems play a significant role in supporting mental health and wellbeing, by providing spaces for relaxation and connection with nature.
• Interacting with nature and outdoor activities can enhance mood and cognition function, thus playing a significant role in fostering mental health and wellbeing.

Question 16

Describe the WHO.

Answer 16

The World Health Organisation is an international organisation that is a branch of the United Nations (UN). Developed in 1948, the WHO works to achieve improved health outcomes for everyone.

Question 17

Whats the mission of the WHO and how does it work to achieve the mission?

Answer 17

Promote health, keep the world safe, and protect the vulnerable. The WHO works to achieve its mission by focusing on three strategic priorities.

Question 18

What are the priorities of the WHO? (explain them)

Answer 18

• Achieving universal health coverage (this means to ensure all people are covered by an affordable and qualitative health care system, regardless of where they live or abilities to pay).
• Addressing health emergencies (this is directly aligned to the SDG-3 of strengthening early warning, risk reduction, and management of health and wellbeing risks. Also works to ensure that the risks have the smallest impact possible).
• Promoting healthier emergencies (this focuses on the achievement of health and wellbeing targets in SDG-3).

Question 19

Explain what universal health coverage involves.

Answer 19

Universal health coverage involves developing and improving health systems, so that all people can access health systems when they need it.

Question 20

How does the WHO work to achieve the priority ‘Achieve universal health coverage’.

Answer 20

• One of the ways in which the WHO works to achieve universal health coverage, is by increasing the capacity of the government to organise and fund the health system.
• Another way is to support the education and training of health workers and volunteers, so that they are equipped with the knowledge to provide healthcare to those who need it.

Question 21

How does the WHO word to address the priority of ‘Address health emergencies’ and achieve the goal of ‘one billion more people better protected from health emergencies’?

Answer 21

• One of the ways in which the WHO words to address health emergencies is by preparing for health emergencies, such implementing early detection, information sharing, and quick response to health emergencies.
• The WHO works to ensure that all people impacted by health emergencies, have immediate access to essential health services, including emergency aid and supplies.

Question 22

How does the WHO work to achieve the priority area of ‘promoting healthier populations’?

Answer 22

• The WHO works to achieve this goal by increasing human capital, so that people are equipped with the health knowledge needed to lead a healthy life.
• The WHO works to reduce morbidity rates associated with non-communicable diseases, by focusing on risk factors and prevention.

Question 23

With examples, explain how the priorities of the WHO are interconnected.

Answer 23

The WHO priorities are interconnected, meaning the progress of one priority will also contribute to the progress in other priorities.
For example, if the WHO focuses on achieving ‘universal health coverage’, this means that more people will have access to effective and safe vaccines and medicines. If more people are vaccinated against infectious diseases, this increases the capacity of the world to avoid the epidemics of diseases, contributing to successfully ‘addressing health emergencies’. If people are protected from infectious diseases, this also addresses ‘promoting healthier populations’, which means that people can enjoy good health and wellbeing free from disease.

Question 24

Provide leadership and create partnerships.

Answer 24

The WHO ensures that everyone is working together to achieve improved health outcomes.

By creating partnerships between United Nations, member states, private sectors etc, these parties can work effectively and collaboratively to promote global health and wellbeing under the WHOS leadership.

When people are working together, improved health outcomes can be achieved more quickly, for example, more vaccines produced.

Question 25

Conduct research and provide health and wellbeing information 

Answer 25

By working collaboratively with research institutions and academia, the WHO works to conduct research so that the most relevant health and wellbeing information is provided.

This knowledge can then be used to develop health policies, and inform decisions that promote health and wellbeing.

The WHO would have otherwise not been able to publish the Essential Medicines List, or recommend treatment, without significant research and development.

Question 26

Set norms and standards, and promote and monitor their implementation

Answer 26

The WHO develops and sets norms and standards and promotes and monitors their implementation.

The WHO develops standards relating to healthcare, including the prevention and treatment of disease, that can be applied and followed globally.

Question 27

Develop policies to help countries take action to promote health and wellbeing

Answer 27

Health policies relate to decisions, plans, and actions that are implemented by the government to promote health and wellbeing and to achieve universal health coverage.

The WHO develops health policies, and then supports these countries to introduce these policies into their health system.

Question 28

Provide technical support and help build sustainable health systems 

Answer 28

Sustainable health systems must be able to deliver quality healthcare that meets the needs of all people, even at times of crisis.

The WHO works to provide technical support to assist countries in building sustainable health systems that meets the needs of the population.

Question 28

Describe emergency aid and its aim.

Answer 28

Emergency aid involves the rapid provision of resources during or after an unforeseen event, such as civil war and natural disasters. Emergency aid can come in many forms, including through food, water, and temporary housing. It can also include the provision of personnel, such as healthcare workers, doctors etc.

The primary aim of emergency aid is to keep people alive by providing essential resources, helping the people rebuild their lives. It doesn’t necessarily aim to promote human development in the long term.

Question 28

Monitor health and wellbeing and assess health and wellbeing trends 

Answer 28

The WHO monitors health and wellbeing and assesses its trends in the global population.

The WHO also monitors who is becoming sick and how they are falling ill, enabling them to target vulnerable population groups and protect them from further morbidity.

Question 28

Describe bilateral aid and its aim.

Answer 28

This is the aid that is provided from a government of one country to the government of another country.

The purpose of bilateral aid is to reduce poverty and promote human development. It is often also provided for political reasons, assisting in developing relationships between countries, which promotes regional security.

Question 28

‘Whole of government’.

Answer 28

This refers to two or more sections of the Australian government working together to provide aid internationally.

E.G., The Australian Federal Police (AFP) working with DFAT to monitor and establish peace, stability and security in countries mainly from the Indo- pacific region.

Question 28

Describe multilateral aid and its aim.

Answer 28

Multilateral aid is aid that is provided my multiple donor countries and delivered through one international organisation, like the United Nations, WHO, or UNICEF.

The purpose of multilateral aid is to focus on large scale programs. They often have global influence and can access places that would be beyond the reach of an individual government.

Question 28

What is meant by private sector? Give examples of private sectors.

Answer 28

Private sectors refers to any areas of the economy that are controlled by cooperations that operate independently from the nations government.

Question 28

Describe what the Department of Foreign Affairs Trade (DFAT) involves.

Answer 28

DFAT is part of the Australian government and is involved in supporting the economy and security of Australia by promoting international aid interests.

Question 29

‘private sector partnerships’.

Answer 29

DFAT works with many individuals and businesses from the private sector, as they contribute to Australia’a aid program by offering a range knowledge, resources, and ideas.

Question 30

‘Bilateral partnerships’.

Answer 30

Bilateral partnerships involves the government of one country working with and collaborating with the government of another country to provide aid to a country, issue, or cause.

Question 31

‘Multilateral partnerships’.

Answer 31

Partnerships with multilateral organisations such as the World Health Organisation and United Nations, facilitate the Australian government in extending the aid they provide.

By working together with these multilateral organisations and partnerships, resources and leverage can be combined to tackle greater projects, and provide aid on a larger scale.

Question 32

‘Non-government organisations’.

Answer 32

Working with non-government organisations, can assist DFAT in building strong connections to the communities, hence allowing them to provide better quality aid.

Question 33

Infrastructure, trade facilitation, and international competitiveness.

Answer 33

• A large problem that inhibits sustainable economic growth and trade opportunities is inadequate infrastructure. Infrastructure isn’t just houses and buildings, but can also include systems and protocols for people to follow and give structure to organisations and society and allow them to function. E.G., community networks, sewerage, water systems. Australia’s aid program focuses on infrastructure as it has high importance in a happy and healthy functioning society
• Trade facilitation is about ensuring trade between countries can occur efficiently and effectively. It helps reduce the cost burden and improve the efficiency of moving goods and services across international boarders. Australia’s aid program focuses on trade facilitation as it improves countries profits, therefore assisting in breaking the poverty of cycle.
• Similarly, international competitiveness boosts long-term expansion. Countries compete with each other to put their goods and services on the international market, whilst still maintaining adequate profit to ensure adequate incomes and country development. Australia’s aid program focuses on improving international competitiveness, which can expand countries’ economies for greater standards of living.

Question 34

Examples of how Australia is in line with the priority ‘infrastructure, trade facilitation and international competitiveness’.

Answer 34

• Developing economic programs, to encourage government to invest in water and sanitation infrastructure.
• Funding economists and other experts to work in low, and middle-income countries, to identify barriers to international trade and hence fund solutions.
• Providing funding and education to assist people in low- and middle-income countries to improve their skills and increase their employability.

Question 35

‘infrastructure, trade facilitation and international competitiveness’.

• Health status.
• Human development.

Answer 35

H.S-
Developed trade- larger profit to be spent on vaccinations for children- reduce under-5 mortality rates.

H.D-
Quality infrastructure such as water and sewerage and adequate transportation networks, provides individuals with some of the resources required for a decent standard of living, and enhances the ability to be able to participate in the community, thus promoting human development.

Question 36

Education and health.

Answer 36

Education- By prioritising aid for education, the Australian aid program can focus on providing quality skills and knowledge, to create opportunities for low- and middle-income countries. Opportunities include: educated women are more likely to send their kids to school, hence aiding them in gaining employment and escaping poverty by helping to break the cycle of poverty.

Health- By prioritising aid for health, Australia’s focus on providing aid for healthcare systems is accelerated, thus increasing access to healthcare systems, promoting healthier and more fulfilling lives. By having better quality of care, people can attend work to gain an income and contribute to their country’s economy, ultimately aiding to reduce the poverty worldwide.

Question 37

Building resilience: humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction, and social protection.

Answer 37

• When a country cannot respond to a disaster on their own, Australia provides emergency relief to help save lives and alleviate suffering.
  Australia aims to reduce the risk of disasters by working with governments to develop tools for better quality risk management organisation.
• DFAT has recently advanced to providing social protection for the Indo Pacific region. This social protection includes programs and initiatives to promote human development and health and wellbeing.