Exam Review Flashcards by Olivia Stibbe

What is light?

A particle and a wave also a form of energy

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What does EM stand for

Electromagnetic

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What is the EM spectrum

Levels of energy

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What is the order of the EM spectrum

radio waves, micro waves, infrared light, visible, x-rays, gamma rays

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What are the 2 colour theories?

Additive and subtractive `

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What does the additive theory suggest?

White light is made of different colours (primary=red, green, blue)

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What happens if you mix a primaries

you get a secondary

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What does the subtractive theory suggest

When all pigments (paint) are subtracted, you get the colour white

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How is light produced

When electrons get excited, they move to higher orbits… when they jump back down, that is when light is produced

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What is an optical phenomenon

Optical phenomena are any observable events that result from the interaction of light and matter.

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Give example of optical phenomenons

Rainbows

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What is the reflective law of plane mirrors

Angle of incidence (<i></i>

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What is the normal

imaginary line perpendicular to the mirror in all directions

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Parts to a concave mirror

c-centre of curvature
F-focus
f-focal length
V-vertex
Principle axis

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What is a principle axis

meets the curved mirror at a 90 degree angle

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What are the types of mirrors

Plane, concave, convex

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What type of image does a concave mirror produce

Real… except when between F and V

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Give the SILT of concave Beyond c

Smaller, inverted, between F and C, real

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Give the SILT of concave at C

Same, inverted, at C, real

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Give the SILT of concave Between F and C

Larger, inverted, beyond C, real

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Give the SILT of concave at F

No image

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Give the SILT of concave Between F and V

Same, upright, beyond F (other side of mirror), virtual

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Give the SILT of concave Far beyond C

Small, inverted, between F and C real ( same as beyond C)

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Give the SILT of convex anywhere

Smaller, no inversion, V to F, virtual (for ALL)

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What is the equation for index of refraction

n=c/v

What do the letter of n=c/v mean

n=index of refraction c=speed of light (3.00 x 108 m/s. always) in a vacuum v=speed of light in the medium

When do you use index of refraction equation

GET

What is the other index of refraction equation

n=sin(angle of incidence)/sin(angle of reflection)

When do you use that other index of refraction

when given 2 angles when refraction occurs ONLY USE WHEN ONE MEDIUM IS AIR

What equation do you use when given 3 variables? or trying to figure out 2 mystery substances?

n1sin(

What does each part represent?

n1=first index of refraction | n2=second index of refraction

What is index of refraction?

ration of the speed of light in a vacuum to a speed of light in that medium The change in the speed of light (the bending of light)

What units are C and V in

m/s

Does n have a unit

What is a refracted ray?

the ray that is bent in the medium

What way does light bend when the 2nd medium is faster than the first

TO the normal

What way does light bend when the 1st is faster than the second medium

AWAY from the normal

What is a critical angle?

Happens with refraction, the angle of incidence that makes a refracted angle of 90 degrees(on the surface)

When does a critical angle occur

When n1 is greater than n2

How do you calculate critical angles

sin-1(n1/n1)

What is total internal reflection

When the incident ray is greater than the critical angle it reflect inwards (plane mirror rules)

When the incident ray is less than the critical angle, what happens

Normal refraction happens

What sits are the same?

Converging lens and concave mirrors

What are the parts to lenses

``` 2F F O F 2F ```

Do converging lenses bend in or out?

Out

What heroines to rays that go through the optical centre?

Will go straight through with no refraction

What is the SILT of concave lenses (diverging)

smaller, right side up, F and O, virtual

What heroines when an incident ray goes parallel to the principle axis of a Diverging lens

Refracts as if coming from the F of image side

What is the thin lens equation

1/f=1/do+1/di

What is the magnification equation

M=hi/ho=-di/do

Characteristics of metals

Conducts electricity, gives valence electrons

Characteristics of non-metals

No conductivity, keeps.shares electrons

What are the horizontal rows called

Periods

What is an ion

A charged atom

What group of elements is most reactive and why

Alkali-have one valence electron to get rid of

What group of elements is the least reactive and why

Nobler gases- have full valence shells

What ion does it contain (acids and bases)

a-hydrogen | b-hydroxide

Is it water soluble ((acids and bases)

both yes

what does it taste like (acids and bases)

a-sour | b-bitter

What does it feel like(acids and bases)

a-slimey | b-slippery

Do they conduct electricity (acids and bases)

yes

What are the common uses (acids and bases)

a-preserrvative, purifying metals | b-making paper, antacid, window cleaners

What do they react with(acids and bases)

a-metals | b-protiens

What is the word equation for a neutralization reaction

acid + base = salt + water

What are the 5 types of reactions

Synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion

What is the combustion reaction

C10H8 + 12 O2 ---> 10 CO2 + 4 H2O

How do you know when it is an acid or a base

a-H+ | b-OH-

What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion?

Complete combustion needs a plentiful supply of air so that the elements in the fuel react fully with oxygen. Incomplete combustion occurs when the supply of air or oxygen is poor. Water is still produced, but carbon monoxide and carbon are produced instead of carbon dioxide.

What is the equation of incomplete combustion

hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon monoxide + carbon + water

What is the equation of complete combustion

hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

What colour will be produced in complete and incomplete combustion

complete-bluish | Incomplete-orange

What are the types of formulas

ionic, polyatomic and molecular compounds

How to write ionic formulas

Determine the charges, criss cross them

What is an ionic compound made of

metal and nonmetal

How to name ionic formulas

add 'ide' to non-metal

What are covalent/molecular compounds made of

non-metals and non-metals

Are the electrons shared? or taken/given?

Shared

How to name molecular compounds (words)

Add prefix to second non-metal (even if only one) | Add prefix to first non-metal only if more than 1`

How to form molecular formulas (letters)

Add the little numbers if more than 1

How to name polyatomic ions

Add the charge (in little numbers)if more than one... if they both have the sam number, don't add anything!