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Grade 10 Science > Climate > Flashcards

Climate Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you measure climate through Ice cores

A

Tiny air bubbles that have been trapped for thousands of centuries and can be tested for various gases

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2
Q

How do you measure climate through tree rings

A

The thickness of a tree ring indicates the growing conditions

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3
Q

How do you know if the growing conditions of a tree were good or bad

A

Warm and wet means thicker rings

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4
Q

How do you measure climate through coral reefs

A

They have layers of growth each season and gives clues about temperature of the ocean

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5
Q

Is earth a closed system?

A

No

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6
Q

How is earth powered?

A

By the sun

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7
Q

When radiation contacts a particle of matter, what three things may occur?

A
  1. The radiation may be ABSORBED by the particles, causing the particles to gain energy
  2. Radiation may be TRANSMITTED through the particle
  3. Radiation may be REFLECTED off the particle
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8
Q

What is an example that can do all three?

A

Water

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9
Q

How much solar energy reaches the earth

A

70%

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10
Q

If 70% of solar energy that reaches Earth some sort, why doesn’t earth heat up tremendously

A

As the earth surface warms up it gains thermal energy and they converts it into low energy infrared radiation
The amount of energy radiated by earths system is equal to the amount of energy earths system absorbed from the sun
And because of this balance, the gloves temperature stays pretty consistent

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11
Q

What is the equilibrium

A

The balance between energy absorbed from the sun and energy emitted from earth

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12
Q

Without a climate system, would the earth still reach an energy equilibrium?

A

Yes but it would be much colder

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13
Q

How does the green house effect contributes to the earth not being so cold?

A

Because it provides sort of a barrier that keeps heat in???? CHECK

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14
Q

What triggers changes in climate?

A

The earths energy balance (if the sun is absorbed differently, climate changes)

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15
Q

What is the continental drift?

A

When continents move, over and wind patterns change causing changes in climate

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16
Q

What happens as mountain ranges form?

A

Regional climate change

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17
Q

How does late bodies of water effect climate in regions?

A

When surrounded by larger bodies of water you get a moderate climate (SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE) and when you have fewer, you get harsher winters and hotter summers ( NORTHERN HEMISPHERE)

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18
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

Self-regulating system that works to maintain stability. The response to a stimulus minimizes the stimulus

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19
Q

Give and example of a neg feedback loop

A

CO2

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20
Q

What is positive feedback loop

A

Changes in the system results In more changes int be system and was stability. A produces more of B which in turn produces more of A

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21
Q

What is albedo

A

A measure of how much of the Suns radiation is reflected by a surface (related to % of radiation reflected)

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22
Q

What is the albedo effect?

A

An increase in the earths temperature causes ice to melt, so more radiation is absorbed by earths surface, leading to a further increase in temperature

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23
Q

What type of feedback loop I the albedo effect?

A

Positive feebback loop

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24
Q

In terms of climate, what is considered a short period of time?

A

FIND

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25
Q

What is El Niño?

A

change in the pacific winds and ocean currents tha tbrings warm moist air to the west coast of south america

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26
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

A natural process that has been happening for hundreds of years absorbs infrared radiation emitted from the earths surface (everything gets warmer)

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27
Q

What happens in the greenhouse effect

A

Gases and clouds absorb infrared radiation emitted from the earths surface and radiate it, hearing the atmosphere and earths surface

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28
Q

What does earth emit?

A

IR radiation

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29
Q

What are green house gases

A

Any gas in the atmosphere that absorbed lower energy infrared radiation

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30
Q

Give examples of greenhouse gases

A

Oxygen, nitrogen, CO2, water vapor, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide

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31
Q

What would happen if the amount of gases presented in our atmosphere increased

A

Climate and temperature would increase majorly

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32
Q

What does anthropogenic mean

A

Human influenced

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33
Q

Give exams of gases that are anthropogenic influenced

A

CO2, methane, nitrous oxide and Chloroflouro carbons (CFCs)

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34
Q

What are proxy records?

A

They store info in tree rings, Ice cores and fossils that can be measured to give clues to what the climate was like in the past

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35
Q

What are anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide

A

Burning fossil fuels and also Deforestation which inhibits photosynthesis and removes CO2 from the atmosphere

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36
Q

What anthropologetic sources releases methane

A

Agricultural activities such as rice farming and ranching caddling, landfills and sewage treatment plants releases as organic material and Coal mining and natural gas extraction Releases methane

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37
Q

What anthropogenic sources releases nitrous oxide

A

Management of livestock feed and pure Waste, use of nitrogen fertilizers

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38
Q

What anthropogenic sources releases CFCs

A

There are no natural sources of CFCs but leaks out of refrigerators and air conditioners

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39
Q

How does an increase in atmospheric CO2 affect global temperature

A

Higher levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activities which is leading to global warming

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40
Q

Effects on human society in a natural environment are caused by what

A

Changes in climate such as rises and earth global temperature

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41
Q

What organization formed in 1988 in order to assess and evaluate the risk of human caused climate changes

A

Intergovernmental panel on climate change [IPCC]

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42
Q

List some impacts of climate change as reported by the IPCC

A

Rising sea levels, impacts on agriculture, impact, impact on human and animal and plant cells

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43
Q

Explain rising sea levels

A

Increase flooding and loss of large areas of land, people become homeless and example is southern Florida or Bangladesh

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44
Q

Explain impacts on agriculture

A

Dry areas get even less rainfall, crops become less productive and millions of people enter famine, other countries will get more rain which will cause damage to their crops

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45
Q

Explain impact on ecosystems

A

Save some species will be extinct by 2015, plants and animals that migrate to Poles when their habitats get an inhabitable, biodiversity will be lost, plus the wetlands will be drawn by rising seas

46
Q

Explain impacts on human animals and plant health

A

Pests, diseases and disease carriers can spread to the poles

An example is malaria and Pinebeetles that destroy forests and will expand to other places

47
Q

What is the impact of melting ice on polar bears

A

Harder for them to reach their food

48
Q

How are sinkholes created

A

Permafrost melts, creating sink holes

49
Q

Describe five different ways that climate changes in the archive affect the world

A

Release of CO2, sea level rise, ocean currents, biodiversity and changes in shipping/tansportayion

50
Q

How does the release of CO2 affect thereat of the world

A

Permafrost may contain more co2 and methane than in the atmosphere

51
Q

How does the rising sea level effect the world

A

More water will flow into ocean as glaciers melt

52
Q

How does ocean current effect the world?

A

Fresh water flowing into the archive Ives from melting ice may slow or stop ocean currents that transport thermal energy around the globe ocean currents affect climate

53
Q

How does biodiversity effect climate changes around the world

A

Many migratory species have breeding grounds in the arctic. If archive ecosystems change, this could affect species around the world

54
Q

How is changes in shipping/transportation

A

Ships will have shorter travel routes as the ice melts. Reducing energy cost and use

55
Q

How many degrees could ontarios ave temp. Increase

A

Winter-3-6 and summer -4-8

56
Q

How will lake levels in Ontario be impacted?

A

Less ice to cover lakes in winter, more evaporation year round but more precipitation as well
Fish in cold water lakes may die or migrate

57
Q

As CO2 increases, what happens to Eco zones in Ontario?

A

Loads of plants will migrate if they need cold weather

58
Q

What disease things will be affected if the climate increases

A

Heat related illnesses increase

And same with disease carrying organisms

59
Q

Will there be a growth of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere?

A

Yes

60
Q

What will happen to forests?

A

More forest fires, carbon source instead of carbon sink and increase in pest

61
Q

What about electricity?

A

More hydroelectric power produced but also more blackouts

62
Q

Define weather

A

Atmospheric conditions including temperature, precipitation, wind and humidity in a particular location over a short period of time

63
Q

Define climate

A

Average of the weather in the region over a long period Of time

64
Q

what is a climate zone

A

And area classified according to the temperature percopitation and plant communities
Regions different plants of the world can do the same climate zone and climate zones have an impact on the type of species that can live in an area

65
Q

What are eqozones

A

A particular set of final conditions and natural features including soil landscape featured plants animals and climates

66
Q

How many climate ecozones does Canada have?

A

20

67
Q

Define a carbon sink

A

Place in nature that has the ability to absorb carbon

68
Q

What are some of the causes of long-term climate change

A

The shape of the orbit, the tilt of the earth, and the wobble

69
Q

What is a feedback loop

A

The cause that creates the effect that impacts the original cause

70
Q

Give three examples of feedback loops in earths climate system

A

Water vapor effect, albedo warming affect in albedo cooling affect

71
Q

is the albedo to affect the positive feedback loop

A

Yes

72
Q

Compare how thermal energy circulates in the ocean and how thermal energy circulates in the atmosphere

A

In the atmosphere, warm air cools and sinks, warm air is displaced upward by syncing cooler air and then the rising current of warm air
In the oceans, thermohaline circulation happens

73
Q

The thermohaline current

A

The continuous flow of water Around the earth’s oceans driven by Differences in water temperature and saltiness
As water travels to the polls become saltier and as it freezes the ice rejects The salt so the water that is salty becomes more intense and since to the bottom while warmer freshwater replaces it at the top

74
Q

How is water vapour a positive feedback loop?

A

As the earth warms, water evaporates and because it is a green house gas, it makes the earth even warmer and evaporate more water

75
Q

What are some short-term climate variations

A

Volcanic eruptions and water vapour

76
Q

Describe for possible global impacts of climate change

A

Rising sea levels, agriculture, ecosystem and human/animal/plant health

77
Q

What are carbon offset credits

A

Credits that can be shared and allow other countries to produce more greenhouse gases if other countries have produced less

78
Q

Describe Canada’s role in the Kyoto protocol

A

Canada never met its target and pulled out into thousand and 11

79
Q

List the different spheres of earth

A

Atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere

80
Q

What is the hydrosphere

A

Water

81
Q

What is the atmosphere

A

The air

82
Q

What is the lithosphere

A

The physical land

83
Q

What is the biosphere

A

Living organisms

84
Q

All about carbon dioxide in our atmosphere

A

385 ppm (0.0385%) causes up to a quarter of the natural greenhouse effect on Earth’s

85
Q

All about methane in our atmosphere

A

much less than carbon dioxide but can absorb much more thermal energy, about 23X more powerful than carbon dioxide

86
Q

All about water vapor in our atmosphere

A

⅔ of natural greenhouse effect is caused by water vapour in the atmosphere

87
Q

Do we know anything about ozone

A

Not really

88
Q

All about nitrous oxide

A

300X more effective as a greenhouse gas over carbon dioxide. very small concentration in atmosphere

89
Q

How does the greenhouse effect work

A

trap infrared energy and re-radiate it back out in every direction

90
Q

How does the water vapor feedback loop become more complicated when clouds are involved

A

Low clouds = a positive feedback loop

warmer temperature → more (low) clouds → even warmer temperatures
If clouds are higher up they reflect radiation back out to space. High clouds = negative feedback loop

warmer temperatures → more (high) clouds → cooler temperatures

91
Q

What is a positive feedback loop

A

When it increases the cause

92
Q

Describe the water vapor feedback loop

A

As climate warms more water vapour enters the atmosphere because evaporation from our lakes and oceans increases.
(causes climate to warm even more because water vapour is a greenhouse gas). Conversely, if the climate cools there is less water vapour and the climate will cool further. These are positive feedback loops.

93
Q

What is the albedo of forests, Sand in deserts and fresh snow

A

forest (10%)
sand and desert (25%)
fresh snow (85%)

94
Q

What is the albeto of water

A

water (8%)

95
Q

What is the albedo of clouds

A

clouds (40-70%)

96
Q

What is the video of forests, Sand in deserts and fresh snow

A

forest (10%)
sand and desert (25%)
fresh snow (85%)

97
Q

Factors affecting climate

A 
distance from the equator (latitude) 
presence of large bodies of water
presences of ocean or air currents
land formations 
the height above sea level (altitude)
98
Q

Why is the climate different if you live in the poles or near the equator

A

energy from sun is more intense near the equator since it hits Earth’s surface directly. Energy from the sun is less intense near the two poles since energy hits Earth’s surface at an angle and spreads over a larger area.

99
Q

How come the earth maintains a balanced energy

A

the balance between energy absorbed from the sun and energy emitted from Earth ensures that Earth’s global temperature remains fairly constant.

100
Q

What are heat sinks?

A

?

101
Q

What are the prevailing winds

A

High and low pressure, along with the rotation of the earth causes winds that curve around the globe in the direction almost all the time

102
Q

Give evidence of changing climate

A 
Rising Temperatures
Melting glaciers, Ice sheets and Sea Ice
Rising Sea level - idea of thermal expansion 
Changes in Severe Weather
Changes in Precipitation patterns
Changing Seasons
Changes in Ecosystems
103
Q

What is happening at the equator

A

NE and SE trade winds meet

104
Q

What is happening at 30 and 60 degrees?

A

The westerlies are going to opposite way of the NE and SE trade winds

105
Q

Why don’t the winds move directly north or south?

A

Because it rotates

106
Q

What do the prevailing winds do

A

Push warm air and water from the equator to the poles

107
Q

What happens to the land around warm ocean currents?

A

The air above becomes warm and moves to land and produces rain and a warmer and more damp climate

108
Q

What happens to the land around cold ocean?

A

water cools the air, and air goes to land as cool and dry, creating desert-like climate

109
Q

What is an interglacial period

A

The time in-between ice ages when earth warms up

110
Q

What is the shading effect

A

When a volcano erupts, the gases released reflect the suns energy outward and cools a portion of earth for a while

111
Q

How can a forest become a carbon course?

A

When it is decomposing, it releases much CO2… so when pests destroy forest it becomes a source

Grade 10 Science (5 decks)

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