Biology Flashcards
List the different cell organelles
Cell membrane, mitochondria, Cytoplasm, nucleus, Vacuole, lysosomes, ribosomes, apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, cell wall, chloroplasts
Define Cell membrane
Membrane surrounding the cell
Define Mitochondria
‘Powerhouse’ of the cell. conversion energy from food to energy the cell can use
Define Cytoplasm
The liquid that fills the cells
Define nucleus
control center of the cell
Define Vacuole
Vacuoles are storage bubbles found in cells. They are found in both animal and plant cells but are much larger in plant cells. Vacuoles might store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive.
Define lysosomes
hold enzymes that were created by the cell. The purpose of the lysosome is to digest things. They might be used to digest food or break down the cell when it dies
Define Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell. They are like construction guys who connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains.
Define Golgi apparatus
packaging organelle, look like the rough ER, they have a very different function, builds lysosomes, gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell
Define Endoplasmic reticulum
the ER functions as a manufacturing and packaging system. It works closely with the Golgi apparatus, ribososmes,
Define cell wall
Cell walls made of cellulose are only found around plant cells and a few other organisms
Define chloroplasts
food producers of the cell. The organelles are only found in plant cells and some protists such as algae. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. The entire process is called photosynthesis and it all depends on the little green chlorophyll molecules in each chloroplast.
Lable the parts to a cell
What is multicellular organisms
Organisms with more than one cell
What is diffusion
the tendency of molecules to spread into an available space. Without other outside forces at work, substances will diffuse from a more concentrated environment to a less concentrated environment.
What is osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water across the membrane
What is asexual reproduction
reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only
What is sexual reproduction
the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes)
Define cell specialization
Specialized cells differ in structure (size, shape…) and function (the role they perform in the organism). The structural modifications that occur in a specialized cell equip it to do its job in the organism.
What is cancer
The uncontrollable division and mutation of cells
What is a tumor
a swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant
What is a benign tumer
Tumor that is not cancerous
Cells in benign tumours do not spread to other parts of the body.
What is a malignant tumor
Cancerous tumor
cancerous and are made up of cells that grow out of control. Cells in these tumours can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
What is carcinogen
a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.
What is an organism
an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form
What is an organ system
organ systems that all work together as a unit to make sure the body keeps functioning.
What is an organ
a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans.
what Is tissue
any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products
is part of the body of a living thing that is made of similar cells, like the cardiac tissue of your heart.
What is a cell
the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consist of a single cell, which is either eukaryotic or prokaryotic.
what Is epithelial tissue
formed of layers of cells that cover the surfaces of organs, like your skin and breathing airways. It provides a barrier between what it covers and the environment surrounding it.
How many types of tissue are in your body
Four
What is connective tissue
holds other tissues together. It can stretch and squeeze easily. Bone is an example of connective tissue
What is nerve tissue
made up of the cells that are contained in your central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. So, nervous tissue forms your brain and spinal cord.
What in the Stem cell
can be minipulated/grow to become whatever the body needs it to become
What is a trachea
a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe
What are some of the different parts to the respiratory system
The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm
What is the bronchi
Each major bronchus subdivides into smaller airway passages referred to as bronchi
Is the bronchiole
As the airway passages make their way out to the lung tissue, the passages become smaller and are referred to as bronchioles
What is the Alveoli
Eventually the bronchioles terminate into small collections of air sacs known as alveoli, which is where the actual exchange of CO2 and Oxygen occur.
Label the parts to the respiratory system
What is the diaphragm
a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs
Name a few parts of the heart
vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
What is vena cava
a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart. There are two in humans, the inferior vena cava (carrying blood from the lower body) and the superior vena cava(carrying blood from the head, arms, and upper body).
What is the right atrium
The right atrium is one of the two atria of the heart, which function as receiving chambers for blood entering the heart
What is the right ventricle
The right ventricle is the lower right-hand chamber of the heart. Together with the left ventricle, it forces blood out of the heart into the arteries to be carried back to the various sites throughout the body. The right ventricle has a much thinner wall than the left ventricle. This chamber pumps blood a fairly short distance to the lungs.
The pulmonary artery
one of two arteries (branches of the pulmonary trunk) that carry venous blood from the heart to the lungs
What is the pulomonary vein
a vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
what is the left atrium
Oxygen-rich blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary veins; the left atrium then pumps this blood directly into the left ventricle. The left atrium receives most of its blood supply from the left circumflex coronary artery
What is the left ventrical
Together with the right ventricle, it forces blood out of the heart into the arteries to be carried back to the various sites throughout the body. The left ventricle has a much thicker wall than the right ventricle. It must force blood to all other parts of the body against a great flow of resistance, so the walls are stronger than that of the right ventricle
What is the aorta
the main artery of the body, supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system. In humans it passes over the heart from the left ventricle and runs down in front of the backbone.
Name parts of the digestive system
Mouth, esophagus, stomch, duodenum, jejunam, ileum, liver, pancreas, large intestine, anus
What does the mouth do
Where the food goes in
What does the esophagus do?
muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach.
What happens in the stomach
the major part of the digestion of food occurs, being (in humans and many mammals) a pear-shaped enlargement of the alimentary canal linking the esophagus to the small intestine
What is the duodenum?
the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum.
The first 10-12 inches of the small intestine are called the duodenum. This area is specialized to carry out most of the chemical digestion that remains after food has passed through the stomach
What is the jejunam
the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum
What is the purpose of the jejunam
increase the surface area of the jejunum and allows much more absorption of nutrients in this part of the small intestine—most of the food absorption is done in this part of the digestive tract
Where is the ileum
the third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum
What is the purpose of the ileum
specifically responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12 and the reabsorption of conjugated bile salts
Where is the liver
liver is your largest internal organ. mainly in the upper right portion of your abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above your stomach, but a small portion extends into the upper left quadrant.
What is the purpose of the liver?
performs many vital functions to keep the body pure of toxins and harmful substances. It is a vital organ that supports nearly every organ in the body in some facet.
Where is the pancreas
across the back of theabdomen, behind the stomach. The head of the pancreas is on theright side of the abdomen and is connected to the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine) through a small tube called the pancreatic duct.
what does the pancreas do
gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, as well as an exocrine gland, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine.
What is the purpose of the large intestine
absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmit the useless waste material from the body.
What is th purpose of the anus
gastrointestinal tract ends and exits the body
what is the peristalsis (digestive terms)
the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.
What are enzymes
They act as catalysts in order to help produce and speed up chemical reactions. When a cell needs to get something done, it almost always uses an enzyme to speed things along.
They are protiens
Name the parts to the nervous system
Neurons, nerves, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system
What are neurons
Carry messages from the brain to the body
What are nerves
transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord, and impulses from these to the muscles and organs
what are the 2 types of nervous systems
Central and peripheral
What does the central nervous system do
Your spinal cord receives information from the skin, joints and muscles of your body. It also carries the nerves that control all your movements.
what are the parts to the central nervous system
brain and the spinal cord
What is the peripheral nervous system
the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord
it carries messages to and from the central nervous system. It sends information to the brain and carries out orders from the brain.
What are some parts of the musculoskeletal system
Tendons and ligaments
What are tendons
a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.
What are ligaments
a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.
Name some elements to the reproductive system
Gametes, menstration, zygote
What are gametes
a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote
What is menstration
the process in a woman of discharging blood and other materials from the lining of the uterus at intervals of about one lunar month from puberty until menopause, except during pregnancy.
What is a zygote
a cell that is formed when an egg and a sperm combine : a fertilized egg
What are some elemtents in the curculitory system
red/white blood cells, platelet, plasma, blood pressure, artery, capillary, vein
What are red blood cells
Carries oxygen to the bloos
describe red blood cells
smooth and can easily pass through the blood vessel… has groove in centre to bind oxygen
What is a white blood cell
attacks and removes unwanted cells or objects from the body
what is a platelet
tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding
what is plasma
Plasma serves as a transport medium for delivering nutrients to the cells of the various organs of the body and for transporting waste products derived from cellular metabolism to the kidneys, liver, and lungs for excretion
Plasma helps to distribute heat throughout the body and to maintain homeostasis, or biological stability, including acid-base balance in the blood and body
What is blood pressure
the pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.
What is average blood pressure
normally be less than 120/80 mm Hg (less than 120 systolic AND less than 80 diastolic) for an adult age 20 or over
What is an artery
the path blood takes out of the heart and into the body (clean blood)
What is a vein
The path blood takes into the heart (dirty blood)
What is a capillary
any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules
form the connection between the arteries and the veins
What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote cells
Prokaryote has no nucleus and eukaryote does
What is an example of a prokaryote
Bacteria a.k.a. E. coli
What is an example of a eukaryote organism
A Lion
What is the cell theory
All things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, cells come from pre-existing cells
What are some similarities between eukaryote and prokaryote cells
They both have membrane-bound organelle’s, ribosomes, a cell membrane
What are the four stages of the cell cycle
G1, S, G2, M
What happens during interphase
The cell grows or matures, the DNA is copied, the cell prepares for division, and mitosis happens
What are the stages of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
What is prophase
When the DNA condenses
What is metaphase
When the chromosomes line up in the middle
What is anaphase
The chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell
What is telephase
Nuclear membranes start to form
When does cytokinesis happen
During the mitosis stage [after tell if it is] but is not included in mitosis
What is cytokinesis
The Final stage of the lifecycle when two daughter cells formed from one
Why do cells divide
To grow and repair and reproduce
What does a plant cell have an animal cell does not
Chlorayplast and cell wall
what is metaotisizing
The breaking off of malignant cells
What are the two types of stem cells
Embryo and adults themselves
Where can you find embryos themselves
From the zygote or the umbilical cord
Where can you find adults stem cells
From bone marrow
What is a undifferentiated cell
I cell that doesn’t have a job yet
What is a chromosome
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
When does the nuclear membrane start to go away in the cell cycle
During prophase
What are the levels of organization in animals
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
What are the four types of animal tissues
Connective, nervous, muscle, epithelial
What is transpiration
the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere.
What are the three types of muscle
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
What is a reflex
Instant reaction
When you feel something hot do you feel it first and take your hand away or take your hand away and then feel it
Take your hand away and then feel it
How is information transmitted through the nervous system
Through neurons
What are neurons
Nerve cells
What is osteoporosis
a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D
What happens to the chest cavity and diaphragm when breathing
When you breathe in, or inhale, your diaphragm contracts (tightens) and moves downward. This increases the space in your chest cavity, into which your lungs expand
Explain what peristalsis is
series of muscle relaxations and contractions that take place in the lining of the intestines. This process makes it possible for waste and food products to be pushed through the intestines.
whats the difference between mechanic and chemical digestion
Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking the food into smaller pieces. Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth as the food is chewed. Chemical digestion involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients that can be used by the cells. Chemical digestion begins in the mouth when food mixes with saliva.
What is apoptosis
the death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development
What is the role of centrioles
The main function of the centriole is to help with cell division in animal cells. The centrioles help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division (mitosis)
