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Psycology > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

operational definition

A

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.

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2
Q

a measure of the extent of how much one variable changes the other

A

Correlation

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3
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

statistical index of the relationship between two variables

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4
Q

Experiment

A

a research method in which the experimenter manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

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5
Q

Validity

A

how correct the experiment is

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6
Q

Neuron

A

a nerve cell. (basic building block of nerve cell)

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7
Q

Axon

A

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles and glands

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8
Q

Action Potential

A

electrical charge that travels down an axon

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9
Q

Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System

A

Central: The brain and spinal cord
Peripheral: gathering information and transmitting CNS decisions to other body parts

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10
Q

Thalamus

A

the brains sensory control center

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11
Q

hypothalamus

A

directs eating, drinking, and body temperature. Linked to reward and emotion

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12
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

ultimate control and information processing center (higher processing)

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13
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Hearing

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14
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

includes areas that receive information from visual views (Sight seeing)

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15
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

lies at the top of the head and receives information for sensory input for touch and body position

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16
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

involves speaking, muscle movement and making plans and judgments

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17
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

connects hemispheres

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18
Q

Left Brain

A

language and math

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19
Q

Right Brain

A

Artistic and music

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20
Q

Broca’s Area

A

language expression

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21
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

language reception

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22
Q

Transduction

A

transforming signals into neural impulses

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23
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

not hearing the clock tick because you are so focused on Mr. jennerjohn talking

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24
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus. (Someone expecting an important text so they are more likely to feel a soft buzz)

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25
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Theory that say JND is based on %

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26
Q

Sensation

A

window to outside world (physical aspect)

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27
Q

Perception

A

Interpreting what comes in the window

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28
Q

Rods

A

More of them. on outsides of eye. low color. low detail. High sensitivity in dim light

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29
Q

Cones

A

Less of them. right in the middle. high detail. high color. low sensitivity in dim light

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30
Q

Trichoromatic Theory

A

three types of cones: Red, Blue, Green

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31
Q

Opponent process Theory

A

Sensory receptors come in pairs: red/green blue/yellow black/white

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32
Q

Retina

A

light-sensitive inner surface of the eye. containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

33
Q

Cochlea

A

coiled, boney fluid

34
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

tells us when body is orientated in space

35
Q

Kinesthetic Sense

A

Tells us where our muscles and body parts are (Max swinging a golf club)

36
Q

Gate-Control Theory

A

two nerves determine if pain gets to the brain cells. Large fibers close the gate while small fibers allow pain to get in

37
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

point where you can sense the pain 50% of the time

38
Q

Difference threshold (JDP)

A

point where you can detect change in threshold 50% of the time

39
Q

Monocular vs Binocular Cues

A

Monocular: only need one eye to see
Binocular: need both eyes to see cues

40
Q

Sleep Cycle

A

1-2-3-2-Rem 2-3-2 Rem

41
Q

REM Sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep. Reoccur sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur

42
Q

Addiction

A

compulsive craving of dugs or certain behaviors despite the adverse consequences

43
Q

Withdrawal

A

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

44
Q

psychoactive drug

A

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

45
Q

Depressants

A

such as alcohol that slow body functions

46
Q

Stimulants

A

excite neural activity and speed up body functions (cocaine, meth, nicotine, ecstasy, amphetamines)

47
Q

opiates

A

opium and its derivatives such as morphine and heroin, they temporarily lessen pain and anxiety

48
Q

Agonists

A

opens receptor sites

49
Q

Antagonists

A

blocks neurotransmitter from opening receptor site

50
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

used to predict what will happen next

51
Q

Airsoft example…Neutral stimulus, UCS, UCR, CS, CR

A 
NS- that was easy 
UCS- hitting roommate 
UCR- Flinch
CS- that was easy 
CR- Flinch
52
Q

Acquisition

A

the linking of the neutral stimulus and unconditioned response

53
Q

Extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response.

54
Q

Generalization

A

once conditioned, the likeliness for something similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

55
Q

Discrimination

A

the learned ability to distinguish what is the correct stimulus and what is not.

56
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response

57
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a type of reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

58
Q

shaping

A

taking “baby steps” to get to the desired behavior

59
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforce behavior every time behavior is exhibited

60
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

Reinforce behavior only sometimes

61
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. (rat knowing its way to cheese as exploring map)

62
Q

Insight Learning

A

learning through the “aha” moment. (chimpanzees climbing to get banana)

63
Q

Sensory Memory

A

the intermediate (very brief) recording of sensory information

64
Q

Chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

65
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

66
Q

proactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new learning

67
Q

retroactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of new learning on prior learning

68
Q

Serial Position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

69
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories

70
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past

71
Q

Phenomes vs Morhemes

A

Phoneme: the smallest distinctive sound unit
Morhemes: the smallest unit that carries out meaning

72
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judging things on how well they seem to provide a description, and ignoring other factors

73
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

74
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

the theory that one gets to an aroused state of mind when the need food or water

75
Q

homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balanced internal state

76
Q

set point

A

the weight at which the body’s set point is set. If it gets below this we get hungry

77
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Body goes through 3 stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

78
Q

Type A vs. Type B

A

A: aggressive temperament and anger
B: laid back and easy going

Psycology (14 decks)

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