EXAM QUESTIONS - SPRING MOCK Flashcards
Outline a psychodynamic explanation for the development of the superego. [3 marks]
- Occurs at the Phallic stage of psychosexual development
- Arises through IDENTIFICATION with same-sex parent
- and INTERNALISATION of their moral standards
- via resolution of Oedipus / Electra complex
- part of the tripartite personality
Explain how the superego might affect moral behaviour in the following situation:
Jackie sees a T-shirt that she really likes in a store. She is aware that there are no security cameras nearby and thinks how easy it would be to slip the T-shirt into her bag. [2 marks]
There is unconscious conflict between the id impulses (Jackie desires the top)…
…which threatens the superego (Jackie does not steal the top / pays for it) because of guilt even at the possibility of wrong-doing.
Write a brief explanation of inference that would help Adil to understand what his teacher means [2 marks]
An inference is when researchers go beyond the immediate evidence of research to make assumptions about internal mental processes that cannot be directly observed.
Millie is asked to do a class presentation on introspection. As part of her presentation she said, ‘Introspection is thinking about our own thoughts.’
After the presentation, her classmates said they had learned very little about introspection.
Explain what else Millie could have said about the major features of introspection so that her classmates would be better informed [4 marks]
- Introspection is the systematic analysis of one’s own conscious experience in response to a stimulus.
- Conscious experience is analysed in terms of its component parts (e.g. sensations and emotional reaction)
- Wundt developed introspection to focus on being OBJECTIVE
- Typically used a stimulus such as a ticking metronome.
Jemima and Lily are identical twins. Lily complains to Jemima, “I don’t understand it. If we have the same genes, how come you have clearer skin than me and are much better at netball?”
Jemima laughs and replies, “Lily, we may be identical twins, but we are not identical people.”
Using your knowledge of genotype and phenotype, explain Lily’s and Jemima’s comments. [4 marks]
- Lily and Jemima have identical genotypes (genetic make-up) as they share roughly 100% of DNA
- However, they do not have identical phenotypes (the observable characteristics of an individual determined through their genotype AND environment)
- Although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might practice netball more, these environmental factors may make her better at netball
- Jemima might have a different skincare routine or diet than Lily, these environmental factors may make her skin clearer than Lily’s.
A psychologist investigated perception of foods in two groups of people.
People in Group A were on a calorie-counting diet and people in Group B were on a low-fat diet.
Each person completed a perception task and was given an overall score.
The psychologist then calculated average scores for each group.
The results are shown in the table below.
Group A scores:
Mean = 22.4
Median = 22.5
Mode = 22
Group B scores:
Mean = 26
Median = 22.5
Mode = 16
Using the data in the table above, explain how the distribution of scores in Group A differs from the distribution of scores in Group B [4 marks]
WHEN YOU SEE ALL 3 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY, IT IS A DISTRIBUTION QUESTION.
- Group A scores indicate a normal distribution
- because in Group A the mean, median and mode are almost the same (as in a bell-shaped curve)
- Group B scores indicate a (positively) skewed distribution
- because the mean is higher than the median / mode or to the right hand side of the distribution.
Case studies are a commonly used method of investigating abnormality.
(a) What is meant by a case study? [2 marks]
- A case study is an IN-DEPTH / LONGITUDINAL study of one person or a group of people over time. [1]
- It is usually carried out in the real world. They are IDIOGRAPHIC and very individualistic. [1]
Outline one weakness of using a case study as a method of investigation. [2 marks]
> Findings cannot be generalised very easily to other individuals.
OR
Because it is very difficult to replicate a case study so they lack reliability.
Using the information given in the table below, explain how the psychologist could further analyse the data using percentages. [2 marks]
Condition A = (Working alone)
Total number of ideas generated: 110
Condition B = (Working in a group)
Total number of ideas generated: 75
- For each condition, the overall number of ideas generated should be divided by the overall total of 185. [1]
- The result for each condition should then be multiplied by 100 to give the percentage. [1]
At the end of the study the psychologist debriefed each participant. Write a debriefing that the psychologist could read out to the participants in Condition A [6 marks]
Condition A = working independently
Condition B = working in a group
1) Explanation of true aim: to see if creativity is affected by the presence or absence of others
2) Info about the OTHER condition – in an independent design people need to know about the condition in which they did not take part.
E.G. the other condition you will not take part in involved working in a group.
3) Specific ethical issues, E.G. right to withdraw data / be informed of results / check of welfare
4) General ethical considerations, E.G. respect for participants.
(a) (i) What is a matched pairs design? [2 marks]
- Participants are matched/paired according to key variables
- Each person from a pair goes into a DIFFERENT condition - take part once.
A researcher treating obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) compares two therapies. Therapy A requires clients to attend a 20-week course and Therapy B requires a matched sample of clients to attend a different 20-week course. The clients are all females who are 40 years old.
At the beginning and at the end of the 20-week courses, each client gives a ‘satisfaction with life’ rating out of a possible score of 30, where a high score indicates high satisfaction.
Identify one other variable on which the clients must be matched in this study [1 mark]
> Severity of OCD
> Type of OCD
> ‘Satisfaction with life’ rating before therapy
> Reference to other therapy they may be taking such as drugs.
A researcher treating obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) compares two therapies. Therapy A requires clients to attend a 20-week course and Therapy B requires a matched sample of clients to attend a different 20-week course. The clients are all females who are 40 years old.
At the beginning and at the end of the 20-week courses, each client gives a ‘satisfaction with life’ rating out of a possible score of 30, where a high score indicates high satisfaction.
At the end of the 20-week therapy courses the median ratings for each group are as follows:
Median satisfaction with life ratings for Therapy A:
At the beginning of the course = 12.5
At the end of the course = 17
Median satisfaction with life ratings for Therapy B:
At the beginning of the course = 13
At the end of the course = 22.5
What do the median values in the table above suggest?
Justify your answer. [4 marks]
1# Pps were well-matched at the start of the study as their median satisfaction ratings were very similar (0.5 difference) before they had experienced their courses
2# Both therapies were successful as the median ratings at the end of the courses were both higher than the start of the therapies (therapy A +4.5 and therapy B +9.5)
3# Therapy B is a more successful course than therapy A as the final ratings increased (by 5.0) more for B than for A.
