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Year 1 LSS > Exam questions LSS > Flashcards

Exam questions LSS Flashcards

1
Q

What are two exercise dependent events, that lead to increased venous return?

A

Activation of Muscle pump

Increased BP

Decreased venous compliance –> higher venous return and higher pressure leading to a higher CO (Frank-Starling-relationship)

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2
Q

What are two exercise dependent events that lead to decreased venous return?

A

More blood is going to muscle capillaries –> less blood is available circulation

Also higher perfusion of skin to cool down

Vasodilation of skin and pulmonary vessels –> decreased TPR

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3
Q

What are the three cells involved in atherosclerosis?

A
  • Macrophages (Foam cells)
  • Endothelial cells
  • Vascular smooth muscle (–> stability + fibrous cap)
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4
Q

In which three ways can changes in arterial wall in atherosclerosis lead to clinical problems?

A
  • Narrowing of blood vessels (stenosis) –> Angina Pectoris
  • Aortic aneurism because of stiffening of arteries
  • Thrombus may rupture and cause embolism
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5
Q

Hexagonal reference system: Which angle for which leads?

A
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6
Q

What is a normal interval for a RR interval?

A

0.6-1.2 s

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7
Q

What is a normal duration for a P wave?

A

80ms (<100ms)

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8
Q

What is a normal PQ/PR time?

A

120-200ms

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9
Q

What is a normal QT interval?

A

420ms (0.35-0.44, depending on heart rate)

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10
Q

What is the normal duration of a T-wave?

A

160ms

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11
Q

Name two properties of the myofilaments which are responsible for the Frank-Starling relationship

A
  1. Length of sarcomer –> number of crossbridges between actin and myosin
  2. The sensitivity of Troponin C to Calcium
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12
Q

When is renin being released?

A
  • decreased filtrate osmolarity in macula densa (low Cl-, Na+)
  • Sympathetic activity (via low BP)
  • Low perfusion pressure of afferent arteriole
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13
Q

What is the blue line showing?

What would be the equivalent name of the line at the bottom (from A to B and further)

A

It is the end-systolic Pressure volume Line

–> rises because the higher the volume, the more pressure is required to pump it out

At bottom: End-diastolic pressure volume-line

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14
Q

Name 2 inflammatory mediators of Asthma

A

Histamine

Prostaglandin D2

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15
Q

Name 2 T-cell cytokines that cause B-cell proliferation

A

IL-21 and IL-4

IL-4, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta, IL-10

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16
Q

Which cell type would be increased in bacterial Lung infection?

A

Phagocytes: neutrophils (and macrophages)?

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17
Q

What is the main histological feature of emphysema?

A

Airspace enlargement

And also: fragmented alveolar walls

http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/lungnontumoremphysema.html

18
Q

What are the treatments for emphysema and explain their mechanism

A
  1. Bronchodilator B2 agonist
    * relaxes smooth muscle in the bronchioles –> dilating them, reducing resistance to airflow and making the pt breathe more easily.

2. Inhaled corticosteroids:

  • they work by blocking the late-phase immune reaction, decreasing inflammation and reducing inflammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages).

3. Dual protease inhibitor:

  • inhibit the proteases produced by phagocytes in lung tissue (NE+MMP) which are destroying lung tissue.
19
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation of the pulmonary vessels?

A

Probabaly vasodilation on pulmonary vessels (but no clue)

20
Q

Name the changes and associated receptors when there is sympathetic stimulation to i) airways (1), ii) heart (2), iii) arterioles (1)

A

Airways – bronchodilation, relax SM –> beta2

Heart – increase heart rate + force –> beta1

Arterioles – vasoconstriction –> alpha1

21
Q
A
22
Q

State 2 physiological processes that cause vasodilation of the airways

A

Exercise

Childbirth???

23
Q

How are the different zones in a hepatic acinus called?

A

1) Periportal
2) Transition zone
3) Pericentral

24
Q

What are the structural characteristics of a resting parietal cell?

How does it change when activated?

A

Parietal Cell: Resting

  • Many mitochondria (requires lots of ATP)
  • Cytoplasmic tubulovesicles (contain H+/K+ATPase)

Parietal Cell: Secreting

  • Tubulovesicles fuse with membrane and microvilli project into canaliculi
25
Q

How are the fat strikes associated with the colon called?

A

Appendices epiploicae/omental appendices

26
Q

What is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the UK and worldwide?

A

UK= paracetamol overdose

Worldwide= Viral hepatitis

27
Q

Through which mechanisms is Calcium concentration decreased in a cardio-myocyte?

A

Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (membrane)

Sarcoplasmic riticulum (Ca2+ ATPase)

28
Q

What effect does sympathetic activity have on Glomerular filtration rate?

A

Sympathetic activity decreased GFR

–> increasing BP –> less excretion

29
Q

What is the difference between a carrier protein and a channel?

A

Channel proteins

  • formation of aqueous pore to allow diffusion os specific molecules

Carrier protein

  • Binding to protein induces conformational change in protein –> allows ion to pass through
30
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

A

Primary

  • something is actively pumped against its concentration gradient (normally ATP dependant)

Secondary

  • something is transported against its concentration gradient but uses other molecules concentration gradient to do so
31
Q

What is facilitated transport?

A

Down its concentration gradient but molecule needs facilitation (ion channels, carrier proteins)

32
Q

What happens to Fe2+ iron once it is in the blood?

A

It gets into the blood via Ferroportin molecule

  1. Converted to Fe3+ by Hephastein
  2. Binds to Apotransferin

–> Travels in blood as transferrin

33
Q

How is iron absorption regulated? (which molecule?)

A

Hepcidin suppresses ferroportin function –> supression of iron absobtion

34
Q

What are the two primary and two secondary bile salts?

How do they relate to one another?

A
35
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A
36
Q
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37
Q
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38
Q
A
39
Q

When do you sense thirst?

A

1) Body fluid osmolality is increased.
2) Blood volume is reduced.
3) Blood pressure is reduced.

40
Q

Which hormone evokes the sensation of thirst?

Where does its control mechanism sit?

A

Angiotensin II

Decreased blood volume and pressure detected at subfornical organ neurons

41
Q

What happens when plasma-osmolarity is increased?

A

Osmoreceptors gound in the hypothalamus, OVLT, (Organum vasculosum laminae terminalis) and SFO (subfornical organ)

  • increase the sensation of thirst (main regulation)
  • and increase ADH secretion

Year 1 LSS (12 decks)

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