Exam Questions Flashcards
Why does table sugar have a lower glycaemic index than glucose?
Table sugar is sucrose which is composed of half glucose and half fructose. Fructose only causes a small rise in blood sugar levels
State two cardiovascular conditions which in which supplemental CoQ10 if beneficial and how?
Angina pectoris - CoQ10 improves exercise tolerance and reduced ECG changes
Heart attack - reduced post-infarct heart damage
Two side effects of taking shiitake mushrooms?
Abdominal discomfort
Shiitake dermatitis
Photosensitivity
3 benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?
Delays return of ovulation thus lengthening birth intervals
Conserve iron stores by prolonging amenorrhoea
May protect against breast and ovarian cancer
Two ways breastfeeding offers immunological protection for babies?
Provides bifidus factors which act as prebiotics for beneficial bacteria
Iron binding protein lactoferrin bonds to iron preventing it from fuelling bacterial growth
Maternal antibodies in milk inactive pathogenic bacteria in babies gut
Why is early puberty in girls a concern?
Puberty before the age of 12 is strongly associated with breast cancer
3 factors which contribute to the development of sarcopenia?
Sedentary lifestyle
Decreased protein intake / increased simple carbohydrate intake
Insulin resistance
State 5 factors which could explain why cancer rates are lower in vegetarians?
More insulin sensitive
High levels of antioxidants
Less exposure to dietary carcinogens
Different bowel flora
Less exposure to oestrogens
Describe the concept of the TCM body clock?
Energy circulated in our bodies in a distinct patterns from organ to organ, this energy give the organ fuel to function.
Each organ takes an active role in the body at a given time.
If any disease of illness occurs the related organ can be treated as it’s specific time as given on the TCM.
Hormones associated with decreased food intake?
Serotonin Dopamine Histamine Leptin CCK Insulin
What worrying effects were observed on wildlife during the use of DDT?
Atlantic salmon exposed as eggs experienced impaired balance and delayed appearance of normal behaviour patterns
Egg shell thinning in birds
Name 3 conditions which mean you should not take the OCP?
Blood clots Heart disease Liver disease Breast cancer Cancer of the uterus
Long term use of cocaine can lead to what unpleasant side effects?
Insomnia Depression Anxiety Paranoia Psychosis
Example treatment aims?
Normalise blood glucose homeostasis
Support hepatic function by increasing bile production
Support oestrogen metabolism
Eliminate dysbiosis and improve bowel motility
Reduce cortisol production to reduce effects of stress on the body
Examples of things to put in naturopathic summary?
Fatigue due to poor intake of macro and micro nutrients - minconutrient intake crucial for mitochondrial function
Poor blood glucose regulation causing energy dips - contributed to by irregular food intake and lack of protein combined with using caffeine and refined sugar as stimulants
Constipation is contributed to by lack of soluble fibre in diet and sedentary lifestyle
Indoors most of the time so may be deficient in vitamin d - reduced insulin sensitivity
Why is digestive and microbiological imbalance in FMM seen as important?
Our ability to take in goodness from the environment is dependant on our digestive and absorption capacity
Our microbial balance on our gut can affect both digestion and absorption and our elimination and immunity
Two risks associated with smithing and the female reproductive system?
Infertility and delay in conception
Premature delivery and increased complications
Cancer of the cervix
Early menopause
How is the growth rate of the nail used as a health evaluation tool?
Slower growth rate can indicate thyroid or other metabolic disorders
Time of events can be estimated from location of marks - ridges and white spots etc
What is a geographical tongue and what nutrient does it indicate the need for?
Cracks all over the tongue
Need for b2 and b complex
4 features of a yin person?
Quiet/withdrawn
Slow/lethargic
Dislikes cold
Stool light/loose
Very pale or clay coloured stools are indicative of what issue?
Insufficient production of bile
How many calories in 100g or fat and 50g of protein?
100 x 9
50 x 7
What 3 factors should be taken into account in regards to energy requirements during disease/trauma?
Energy expenditure can be altered by disease or injury
Physical activity in disease is impaired
Underfeeding or overfeeding critically ill patients can result in metabolic complications
Through what mechanism do low energy density foods usually stimulate feelings of satiety?
Stimulation of mechanoreceptors
Increased fibre/bulk
Describe the solubility of ALA?
Bob water and fat soluble
Two ways chondrites sulphate protects cartilage?
Decreases inflammatory action
Slow joint degradation - reducing degradative enzymes
Chemically and physiologically DMG is very similar to which group of nutrients?
Water soluble vitamins
Two therapeutic affects of shiitake mushrooms?
Anti-cancer
Cholesterol lowering
Explain how antibiotic therapy could decrease the biological activity of soy properties in humans?
Colonic bacteria play an important role in the metabolism of soy isoflavones
Although anthocyanins are powerful antioxidants in vitro, their real biological activity will be low, why?
Because of their low stability and poor absorption
Which antioxidant phytonutrients would you not recommend to a smoker because of poorer health outcomes associated with supplementation of this nutrient?
Beta carotene
Two nutrients in pomegranate known to influence its health benefits?
Vit c
Potassium
What property of grapefruit is useful for asthma sufferers?
Antioxidant properties
Calories in 40g or fat and 90g of protein?
40 x 9
90 x 4
4 most likely nutrients neglected in the western diet during adolescence?
Calcium, vitamin e, vitamin a and zinc
Discuss dietary factors linked to early maturation and puberty?
Girls who consume more animal products and fewer veg/fruit between 1 and 8 are prone to early puberty
Strongest predictor was a diet rich in animal protein before the age of 5
How should supplemental amino acids be taken?
With carbohydrates or on an empty stomach
Discuss the influence or iron on heart disease?
Too much iron can act as a provident increasing oxidation of LDL and damaging body tissues
What are the two minerals most commonly bound to picolinic acid?
Zinc and chromium
Are minerals better taken with or without food?
With food as they require sufficient stomach acid for digestion - taking them with food ensures stomach acid is present
Deficiency of which 2 minerals is likely to increase the uptake or lead from the intestines?
Iron and calcium
What are 2 advantages of having vit c supplement in an alkaline mineral chemical form? What do we call these forms?
Buffered forms
Reduce harshness on the stomach
Body can also utilise the mineral
Pyridoxal 4 phosphate is the biological active form of which vitamin?
B6
Explain why a vegetarian is likely to have lower intake of environmental contaminants?
They accumulate as we move up the food chain
Describe 3 reasons vegetarian have a reduced risk of CVD including the mechanisms behind the reduction in the risk?
Lower total cholesterol - when oxidised LDL is dangerous to blood vessels
Lower hypertension rates - implicated in stroke and heart attach
Higher levels of antioxidants - reduced oxidative damage to protect vessels
Describe how the GAPS and SCD are intended to work to upper good health?
Improving condition of the gut/digestive tracts
Supporting symbiotic relationship with gut flora to maximise absorption and minimise unfavourable products of Maldives toon
Low iron status is common in children. State two reasons why this may occur?
Fussy eating
Excessive dairy intake
Prolonged breastfeeding
2 actions which mean soy isoflavones help combat cancer?
Antioxidant
Prolong the menstrual cycle
Which bacteria is responsible for most UTI’s and which can also be a cause?
E. coli
Helicobactor pylori
What is a symptom or condition related to the renal tract which is linked to food intolerance?
Bed wetting
Non-bacterial cystitis
Chronic bladder infections
Name of bacteria which can grow unchecked and cause colitis when there is frequent antibiotic use?
Clostridium difficile
A nutrient that donates is methyl groups is likely to reduce CBD how?
By reducing homocysteine levels
What property in red wine is thought to reduce risk of developing CVD?
Resveratrol
Nail signs may provide clues and insights - list 4 things nail signs may indicate?
Nutritional status
Medical history
CV conditions
Occupations and hobbies
Is flaxseed oil a good choice as a source for lignans?
Lignans are not associated with the oil fraction of foods so flaxseed oils do not provide lignans
State 3 wats in which glucosamine can be produced?
Synthetically
Derived from marine exoskeletons
Synthesised by the human body
2 blood types and give 2 examples of foods that should be favoured & 2 which should be avoided?
Type O - eat meat / seafood, avoid wheat / beans
Type A - eat fruits / veggies, avoid meat /wheat
Describe 2 of the mechanisms of actions of tomatoes against disease?
Prostate cancer - increased serum lycopene associated with decreased risk
Skin cancer - tomato carotenoids protect against development or UV induced carcinoma (noise studies)
Describe the differences in mechanisms of action between exogenous and endogenous alpha lipoid acid (ALA)?
Exo - antioxidant activity and can scavenge for free radicals both intra and extra cellulary. It can also turn proxidant
Endo - coenzyme that is involved in carbohydrate metabolism and the mitochondrial citric avid cycle which produces ATP
Describe the personalised approach of the 4P approach?
Generic and environmental variations drive individual treatment
Describe the predictive approach of the 4P approach?
Tailored health strategy based on personalised map of health risks with traditional and novel bio markers
Describe the preventative approach of the 4P approach?
Proactive vs reactive approaches that shifts focus from illness to wellness and from disease treatment to functional enhancement
Describe the participatory approach of the 4P approach?
Empowers and engages the patient
