Exam part 3

Question 1

What does NCRMD stand for

Answer 1

Not Criminally Responsible on account of Mental Disorder

Question 2

what is used to assist the judge in deciding whether the accused is not NCRMD

Answer 2

Medical evidence

Question 3

what is the theory of human psychology founded by Sigmund Freud based on the concepts of unconscious resistance, repression, sexuality, and the Oedipus complex

Answer 3

Psychoanalysis

Question 4

what is a form of adjustment that results from changes in the environment surrounding an individual?

Answer 4

Alloplastic adaptation

Question 5

what is a functional disorder of the mind or of the emotions involving anxiety, phobia or other abnormal behaviour

Answer 5

Neurosis

Question 6

Reformulated by Robert Agnew, sees law-breaking behaviour as a coping mechanism enabling those who engage in it to deal with the socio-emotional problems generated by negative social relations

Answer 6

General Strain Theory

Question 7

what is to describe pre-existing subcultural pathway to success that is disapproved of by the wider society? ex. Communities with limited resources for employment, push young people to gain wealth, and power from criminal activities

Answer 7

Illegitimate opportunity structure

Question 8

What concept did Oscar Newman create: the range of mechanisms that combine to bring an environment under the control of its residents? Means the range of mechanisms , real and symbolic barriers, strongly defined areas of influence

Answer 8

Defensible space

Question 9

what is an ecological approach to explaining crime that examines how social disorganization contributes to social pathology?

Answer 9

Chicago school of criminology

Question 10

what are two sources of information from the Chicago School of Criminology?

Answer 10

• Population statistics and official crime information
• Ethnographic data

Question 11

what is predicting social constraints on anti-social behaviour are weakened or absent, asking why people actually obey rules instead of breaking them

Answer 11

Social Control Theory

Question 12

Which form of social control theory suggests that a series of both internal and external factors contribute to law-abiding behaviour

Answer 12

Containment theory

Question 13

Which form of social control theory was popularized by Travis Hirschi, the link, created through socialization, between individuals and the society of which they are a part

Answer 13

Social Bond

Question 14

Which theory did Sutherland create the nine principles for and why

Answer 14

Theory: Differential association

Crime is learned behaviour

Question 15

What is an interactionist perspective that sees continued crime as a consequence of limited opportunities for acceptable behaviour that follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders? (ex. that man is a criminal)

Answer 15

Labelling theory

Question 16

what are Travis Hirschi’s four components of Social Bonds?

Answer 16

1. Attachment (shared interests)
2. Commitment (energy and effort put into others)
3. Involvement (amount of time spent with other)
4. Belief (shared systems of values & morals)

Question 17

who created the theory of labelling theory?

Answer 17

Edward Lemert

Question 18

which deviance is often undertaken to deal with transient problems in living, solve some immediate problems or meet the expectations of one’s subcultural group

Answer 18

Primary Deviance

Question 19

Which deviance behaviour that results from official labelling and from association with others who have been so labelled, tagging individuals to internalize the negative labels that have been applied to them

Answer 19

Secondary deviance

Question 20

what is the process whereby an individual is negatively defined by agencies of justice?

Answer 20

Tagging

Question 21

Which neutralization technique is this: They explain that everyone does it or that individuals or companies can afford it example: They’re so rich, they’ll never miss it

Answer 21

Denying injury

Question 22

Which neutralization technique is this: they justify the harm done by claiming that the victim deserved the victimization ex. “I only beat up drunks”

Answer 22

Denying the victim

Question 23

what social bond component is this: reflecting a person’s investment of time and energies into conforming behaviour and the potential loss of rewards that they have already gained from that behaviour

Answer 23

Commitment