Exam part 2

Question 1

what are the three primary motivations for hate crimes?

Answer 1

• Race or Ethnicity
• Religion
• Sexual Orientation

Question 2

what is the taking of a vehicle without the owner’s authorization such as a car, truck, van, bus, or recreational vehicle….

Answer 2

Motor Vehicle Theft

Question 3

what is the sentence for the offender to cover the expenses to the victim relating to things such as loss of income or support?

Answer 3

Court/victim Restitution

Question 4

This approach: has Three key elements: motivated offender, suitable target, and absence of capable guardian. Theorists Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson

Answer 4

Routine Activities approach

Question 5

which routine activity approach element is this: the population of potential criminal offenders in a given area

Answer 5

motivated offenders

Question 6

which routine activity approach element is this: something or someone of value to offenders in a criminal offence

Answer 6

Suitable Target

Question 7

which routine activity approach element is this: one who effectively discourages crime and effective deterrents to criminal activity

Answer 7

Capable guardian

Question 8

what takes place when the victim literally provokes the victimization

Answer 8

Active precipitation

Question 9

what exists across the country, this program amounts per applicant from 5,000$ to over 100,000$. Nova Scotia maxi. awards includes $2000 for victimized individuals and $4000 for counselling for immediate families of homicide

Answer 9

Victim compensation

Question 10

what are payments to victims, generally made by a government agency, as compensation for lost wages, medical expenses, and pain and suffering

Answer 10

Victim Compensation

Question 11

what is a written document that describes the losses, suffering, and trauma experienced by the crime victim or by the victim’s survivors? Judges are expected to consider these effects in arriving at an appropriate sentence for the offender

Answer 11

Victim impact statement

Question 12

This means that those who are powerless culturally stigmatized and marginalized are more likely to be criminally victimized

Answer 12

structural/cultural proneness

Question 13

what is one who effectively discourages crime, effectively deterrents criminal activity (watchful friends and neighbours, the police, and security personnel)

Answer 13

Capable guardian

Question 14

what is a social movement that arose during the 17th and 18th centuries and that is built upon ideas such as empiricism, rationality, free will humanism, and natural law

Answer 14

the enlightenment of social movement

Question 15

what is the 19th century that emphasized free will and individual choice as the root causes of crime, another approach is positivism

Answer 15

Classical criminology

Question 16

a concept formulated by St. Thomas Aquinas, the philosophical perspective that certain immutable laws are fundamental to human nature and can be readily ascertained through reason. Human-made laws from human experience and history.

Answer 16

Natural Law

Question 17

what is the belief, proposed by Jeremy. Bentham that behaviour holds value to any individual undertaking according to the amount of pleasure or pain that it can be expected to produce for that person

Answer 17

Hedonistic Calculus or Utilitarianism

Question 18

what is a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality?

Answer 18

Specific deterrence

Question 19

__% of all homicides committed are by men on average since 2007

Answer 19

88%

Question 20

Genders Convicted of Homicide, which region is this: Men: 96% Women: 4%

Answer 20

Americas (9 Countries)

Question 21

Genders Convicted of Homicide, which region is this: Men: 95% Women: 5%

Answer 21

Asia (12 countries) & Global (53 countries)

Question 22

Genders Convicted of Homicide, which region is this: Men: 92% Women: 8%

Answer 22

Europe (28 countries)

Question 23

The study of the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behaviour was made by Franz Joseph Gall, the brain is the organ of the mind

Answer 23

Phrenology

Question 24

identical twins who develop from the same egg and who carry virtually the same genetic material

Answer 24

Monozygotic MZ twin

Question 25

who in the 1920s, a German physician, examined and found that in 10 of the 13 MZ pairs, both twins were criminals.

Answer 25

Johannes Lange

Question 26

whose theory “early biological positivism,” the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminals.

Answer 26

Caesar Lombroso

Question 27

what are the four theories did Cesare Lombroso create:

Answer 27

• Atavism
• Born Criminal
• Criminaloids
• Criminal Anthropology

Question 28

Which theory of Cesare Lombroso is this: Criminals are physiological throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution. implies that criminals are born that way.

Answer 28

Atavism

Question 29

Which theory of Cesare Lombroso is this: An individual who is born with a genetic predilection toward criminality.

Answer 29

Born Criminal

Question 30

Which theory of Cesare Lombroso is this: Occasional criminals who are pulled into criminality primarily by environmental influences

Answer 30

Criminaloids

Question 31

Which theory of Cesare Lombroso is this: The scientific study of the relationship between human physical characteristics and criminality

Answer 31

Criminal Anthropology

Question 32

what is a complete copy of the entire set of human gene instructions?

Answer 32

Human Genome