Exam part 2 Flashcards
what are the three primary motivations for hate crimes?
- Race or Ethnicity
- Religion
- Sexual Orientation
what is the taking of a vehicle without the owner’s authorization such as a car, truck, van, bus, or recreational vehicle….
Motor Vehicle Theft
what is the sentence for the offender to cover the expenses to the victim relating to things such as loss of income or support?
Court/victim Restitution
This approach: has Three key elements: motivated offender, suitable target, and absence of capable guardian. Theorists Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson
Routine Activities approach
which routine activity approach element is this: the population of potential criminal offenders in a given area
motivated offenders
which routine activity approach element is this: something or someone of value to offenders in a criminal offence
Suitable Target
which routine activity approach element is this: one who effectively discourages crime and effective deterrents to criminal activity
Capable guardian
what takes place when the victim literally provokes the victimization
Active precipitation
what exists across the country, this program amounts per applicant from 5,000$ to over 100,000$. Nova Scotia maxi. awards includes $2000 for victimized individuals and $4000 for counselling for immediate families of homicide
Victim compensation
what are payments to victims, generally made by a government agency, as compensation for lost wages, medical expenses, and pain and suffering
Victim Compensation
what is a written document that describes the losses, suffering, and trauma experienced by the crime victim or by the victim’s survivors? Judges are expected to consider these effects in arriving at an appropriate sentence for the offender
Victim impact statement
This means that those who are powerless culturally stigmatized and marginalized are more likely to be criminally victimized
structural/cultural proneness
what is one who effectively discourages crime, effectively deterrents criminal activity (watchful friends and neighbours, the police, and security personnel)
Capable guardian
what is a social movement that arose during the 17th and 18th centuries and that is built upon ideas such as empiricism, rationality, free will humanism, and natural law
the enlightenment of social movement
what is the 19th century that emphasized free will and individual choice as the root causes of crime, another approach is positivism
Classical criminology
a concept formulated by St. Thomas Aquinas, the philosophical perspective that certain immutable laws are fundamental to human nature and can be readily ascertained through reason. Human-made laws from human experience and history.
Natural Law
what is the belief, proposed by Jeremy. Bentham that behaviour holds value to any individual undertaking according to the amount of pleasure or pain that it can be expected to produce for that person
Hedonistic Calculus or Utilitarianism
what is a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality?
Specific deterrence
__% of all homicides committed are by men on average since 2007
88%
Genders Convicted of Homicide, which region is this: Men: 96% Women: 4%
Americas (9 Countries)
Genders Convicted of Homicide, which region is this: Men: 95% Women: 5%
Asia (12 countries) & Global (53 countries)
Genders Convicted of Homicide, which region is this: Men: 92% Women: 8%
Europe (28 countries)
The study of the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behaviour was made by Franz Joseph Gall, the brain is the organ of the mind
Phrenology
identical twins who develop from the same egg and who carry virtually the same genetic material
Monozygotic MZ twin
who in the 1920s, a German physician, examined and found that in 10 of the 13 MZ pairs, both twins were criminals.
Johannes Lange
whose theory “early biological positivism,” the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminals.
Caesar Lombroso
what are the four theories did Cesare Lombroso create:
- Atavism
- Born Criminal
- Criminaloids
- Criminal Anthropology
Which theory of Cesare Lombroso is this: Criminals are physiological throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution. implies that criminals are born that way.
Atavism
Which theory of Cesare Lombroso is this: An individual who is born with a genetic predilection toward criminality.
Born Criminal
Which theory of Cesare Lombroso is this: Occasional criminals who are pulled into criminality primarily by environmental influences
Criminaloids
Which theory of Cesare Lombroso is this: The scientific study of the relationship between human physical characteristics and criminality
Criminal Anthropology
what is a complete copy of the entire set of human gene instructions?
Human Genome
