Exam one study guide Flashcards
why is little known about human thought regarding animals until the beginning of the written word
it was passed through verbal communication and it was not always trustworthy
why is the oral tradition a faulty source of reliable information
stories get changed when they are passed along verbally
name two main reasons that humans have historically refrained from committing cruel acts to animals
- transmigration of souls
2. if you can harm an animal you could harm a human
explain how Aristotle’s great chain of being worked. also identify which soul he believed humans had and animals lacked
Hierarchy of souls -from the bottom to the top 1. nutritive 2. sensitive 3. rational humans have all 3 and animals only had sensitive and nutritive
the hierarchy of souls go from
- plants
- animals
- humans
- prime mover
how did Aristotle’s thoughts regarding the difference between humans and animals find their way into religious ideologies
lesser souls exist to serve the higher souls
Aristotles great chain got absorbed into Roman Law and then the roman law became Christian law
Rene descartes’ basic sentiment toward animals and how his thoughts made it into scientific thought in our country
Two things differentiated humans and animals
1. Rationality
2. Language
He believed animals were like machines
what is ockhams razor
the simplest answer is the right one
Immanuel Kant used the presence of a will to separate humans from animals. Describe his reasoning from this view.
Intrinsic value is good will
He believed animals lacked good will so they did not have the ability to choose
Jeremy Bentham’s famous quote and meaning
“The question is not can they reason nor can they talk? but can they suffer”
people realize that they have feelings
- who was Ruth Harrison
- what was the name of the book
- what did the book describe and why was it important
- she was a british homemaker who was interested in pregnant sows, laying hens, and veal calves
- animal machines
- described high levels of confinement and unsanitary conditions and this helped to create the 5 freedoms
who was the first chair of the farm animal welfare council (FAWC)
F.W. Rogers Brambell
list the 5 freedoms
- freedom from pain injury and disease
- freedom from discomfort
- freedom from hunger and thirst
- freedom from fear and distress
- freedom to express normal behavior
What were Peter Carruthers criteria he feels must be met to have conscious experiences
you have to be able to have higher order thoughts or “thoughts about thoughts”
animals lack consciousness
what is the name of the book written by peter singer? how was it influencial
Animal Liberation
if someone believes in equality they must believe in the Principle of Equal Consideration of Interests
What is speciesism
if a boy and a dog want to liv but you pick one over the other you are being speciesist
What were Marian Dawkins two animal welfare questions? and give an example of when the answer to both questions is yes but welfare still declines
- is the animal healthy
- does the animal have what it wants
if a cow is healthy and gets into corn, at the time is has what it wants and it is healthy, but if it eats too much corn its welfare dramatically decreases and this condition could result in death
What wast the contribution Bernard Rollin made to animal use in teaching and research
use of telos which refers to the nature of the animal
what was the importance of the cruelty to animals act of 1876
to review and approve all animal use in research
precursor to our LAWA
what major event regarding laboratory animal welfare prompted the passage of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act of 1966
Pepper the Dalmation
what two entities were regulated by the LAWA of 1966
dealers and laboritories
before the LAWA of 1966 was implemented some provisions had to be made. Name the 8 provisions and how they were regulated
- ventilation
- food
- water
- housing
- proper vet care
- sanitation
- separation by species
- shelter from environmental conditions
regulated by random inspections
name 5 loopholes that the LAWA 1966 had
- only certain species were covered
- only facilities with dogs and cats were regulated
- regulatory oversight was not provided to animals during lab procedures
- dealers could engage in intrastate dealing
- labs who were not federally funded were not covered
what is an IACUC, where would you find one, who are its members, and what does it do
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
- find one in universities and research labs
- a vet, a scientist, and a community member
1. it reviews animal use protocols
2. inspect animal facilites
3. investigate complaints
4. report to the highest ranking member of the organization
what are the common provisions granted to livestock in recent legislation
livestock need to be able to stand up, fully extend limbs, and turn around freely
what are the three types of livestock that are commonly targeted by new legislation and why are they targeted
- pregnant sows
- egg laying hens
- veal calves
targeted because of confinement issues
why are the new standards of animal welfare phased in and not set as effective immediately
because people would not want to do that right away and these standards take time to change. Things cannot happen overnight
Define Ethics 1 and Ethics 2
Ethics one: right from wrong, good, and bad, fair and unfair
Ethics two: study and consideration of ethical values
what is the difference between personal and societal ethics
Personal: your view of what is right and wrong
Societal: the view of the general population
what are 3 classes of ethical theory discussed in class
- Consequentialist: outcome
- Dentological: follows a specific code of conduct or is focused on following rules
- Ideologies: things rarely questioned
what is an ideology
systems of thought that are generally accepted as true
what is:
- Utilitarianism
- intellectualism
- economic consequentialism
- choose that which provides the greatest good
- choose that which provides the greatest amount of knowledge
- choose that which provides the greatest economic prosperity
what does it mean to keep up with the social ethic? and what happens if one does not keep up
this basically means that facilities need to keep up with how the general community feels about a certain topic, such as sow crates. If a facility does not keep up, they could actually lose business
another example would be veal crates
explain how human attitudes are linked to factors such as aversive handling or neglect
- If someone has a negative belief on a routine task of caring for an animal, they can neglect that task which results in reduced health and cleanliness of the animal
- if someone has negative beliefs about animals in general, that can lead to aversive handling which causes fear of humans for animals
what human characteristic is utilized by animals for recognition
our faces
how does fear impact animal productivity
when an animal is fearful, the productivity decreases
name two personality types that are more likely to engage in bullying behavior and which cannot be fixed
- Psychopaths (cannot be fixed)
2. explosive behavior
what are some personality traits of successful animal care takers
patient not easy going not meek considerate unsociable confident
list and describe the four core emotions identified by Jaak Panksepp
- Fear: most primitive emotion for survival
- Rage: anger
- Panic: separation anxiety
- seeking: approach novelty
identify the brain regions associated with each of the four core emotions
the amygdala is responsible for fear, panic, and seeking
hypothalamus is responsible for rage
what emotion is responsible for a hen laying her eggs in a nesting box
fear
what is the Paradox of Novelty
new things are both scary and attractive
how does the nucleus accumbens modulate fear an seeking
it contains circuits to encourage seeking and circuits that elicit fearful responses.
environmental conditions determine the amount of area in the nucleus accumbens that motivate seek
