Exam 2 (shannon's version) Flashcards
what are the three ways that you can measure welfare?
behavioral
applied
technical
define behavioral measure
how many times an animal does a specific behavior
define applied measures
quickly measureable
visual in nature
define technical measures
physiological or environmental factors associated with animal welfare
what are the five requirements to asses animal welfare accurately?
- measured objectively - unaltered by emotion or bias
- the thing being measured must be related to the species you are concerned with
- impact of human presence and restraint stress must be accounted for - confounded
- clearly see the sample (animal) at all times
- no sampling bias - don’t refer to animals by their names
define confounded
where a dependent variable is influenced by external conditions
define ethogram
a dictionary of names and description of all behavioral patterns an animal may have
how can data be collected?
duration
or
frequency
what are the three behavioral sampling methods?
focal
scan
time
define focal sampling
record all activities of one animal continuously
define scan sampling
count the number of animals that are doing a specific behavior at predetermined time intervals
define time sampling
perform focal sampling at intervals throughout the hour
-not as accurate as focal
what are avoidance tests used for?
assessing fear of factors associated with negative experiences
what are applied measure the primary components of?
auditing system
what are the characteristics of an auditing system?
quick to measure
repeatable
outcome based variables
animal based assessment
what are the things that are commonly measured with applied measures?
- coat, skin, feathers
- body condition
- locomotion/lameness
- wound/lesions
what could coat/skin/feather condition indicate?
flaws in management
presence of disease
what do you focus on when looking at coat/skin/feather condition?
the presence of hair, fur, or feathers
-NOT sheen or roughness
what do you asses when looking at body condition?
fatness and thickness
visibility of skeletal structure through skin
when body condition scoring dairy cattle, what do you have to take into consideration?
lactation
when measuring locomotion/lameness what are you looking for?
ease or difficulty of walking
what could cause an animal to have issues with locomotion/lameness?
facility
nutrition
management
what are you looking for when scoring wounds/lesions?
prevalence and severity of the wounds/lesions
what are wound/lesions influenced by?
handling
facility
genetic predisposition
what are the characteristics of technical measures?
precise objective costly heavy on physiological and biochemistry difficult to conduct
what are common technical measures?
hormones: cortisol & epinephrine
metabolites: glucose & lactate
what are hormones and metabolites influenced by?
fight or flight
what is the fight or flight response?
stimulus of the sympathetic nervous system.
- it prepares the body for an increase in energy demand
what are the two types of stress?
distress
eustress
what is distress?
negative stress
fear
what is eustress?
positive stress
seeking
how does the fight or flight response work?
- stressful stimulus
- activation of amygdala and hypothalamus
- CRF released
- anterior pituitary secretes ACTH
- adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and cortisol
- physiological change
what do ephinephrine and cortisol increase?
blood glucose
how is lactate formed?
if the metabolic rate exceeds oxygen supply
what causes metabolic rate to increase?
stress
what is needed to make energy?
glucose
how do you measure cortisol and epinephrine?
radioimmunoassay
enzyme linked immunosorbent
-use anitbodies to extract hormones from the sample then use radioactivity or color to measure concentration
how do you measure glucose and lactate?
measured by enzymatic digestion
end results of reaction create color or changes in conductivity
what are characteristics of technical measures?
expensive
time consuming
hard
unforgiving
what is the primary focus in technical measures?
to be objective
what is the main factor that should be taken into consideration with technical measures?
human presence
what is the objective of animal handling?
to manipulate animal behavior through visual, auditory, and/or physical stimuli
learned behaviors produce the desired outcome
when handling animals what is the most important thing to take account for?
status of the food chain
prey vs. predator
what are the characteristics of predator behavior?
- social structure
- dominance
- solitary
- eyes on front of head
- binocular vision
- attracted to rapid movement - fight or flight
- dogs and cats
what are the characteristics of prey behavior?
- social structure
- gregarious - eyes on side of head
- scanning for predators
- sensitive to sound - cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats
how long does it take for an excited animal to calm down?
20-30 minutes
what is herding animal behavior controlled by?
vision
what is flight zone?
animal comfort zone
animal will move away from you if you get too close
animal will face you when you are out of their flight zone
flight zone will vary depending on species
what impacts flight zones?
genetics handling history sex pregnancy status familiar environment
what happens when the animal turns away from you??
you are in their flight zone
what is the point of balance?
it is between the shoulder and eye
it stops forward or reverse movement
what is the point of balance used for??
to control the direction of motion
behind = move forward
in front = move backward
what is the objective of animal handling?
keep the animal calm
manipulate behavior
why are painful procedures used?
increased safety -dehorning, castration
treatment of injury or disease - tail docking
production of desirable products - castration
identification - ear tagging/notching
when were most painful procedures developed?
before we had recognized animal pain
what two categories can painful procedures be put into?
medically necessary
medically unnecessary
what are some medically necessary procedures?
obvious: surgery (amputation, tumor removal)
not so obvious: catheters, feeding tubes, trauma, toxicity
what are some medically unnecessary procedures?
tail docking ear cropping dew claw removal declaw spay/neuter
why is good animal welfare a vital component of successful production animal husbandry?
welfare state affects the:
- product being produced
- financial health of the producer
- consumer perception - marketing of product
- ethical for animals
what is the basis of companion animal welfare??
ethics
end goal is companionship, not a product
what is the biggest obstacle for companion animal welfare?
“because I can”
what would motivate the companion animal care giver to employ pain relief or avoid painful procedures?
societal shift of ethics
education
awareness
what are the three categories of pain?
acute
chronic
pathological
what is acute pain?
pain generated by initial procedure
what is chronic pain??
follows acute pain
during healing process
what is pathological pain??
generated by nerve damage
may last weeks, month, years
how should you asses pain??
using indirect indicators
what are some ways to asses pain?
physiological - heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, brain activity, hormones, and metabolites
behavioral - restlessness, vocalization, tail swishing, ear flicking
what should you consider before performing a painful procedure?
is it necessary?
what are the harms?
what are the benefits?
do the benefits out weigh the harms?
what is analgesics?
reduced or eliminates the mechanism causing pain
what is anesthetic?
removes sensation of pain and may induce a state of unconsciousness
if it ends in “ic” it is what?
a drug or a compound
if it ends in “ia” it is what?
state the animal will be in after taking the drug
what is sedation?
level of consciousness
has nothing to do with pain
a sedated animal could still feel pain
what is a paralytic?
neuromuscular blocking agent
block nerve transmission in skeletal muscle
-need ventilation
what are common pain drugs?
alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonists
-analgesics and sedative
NSAIDs
anti inflammatory and analgesics
what is the most common anesthetic?
lidocaine
-numming
what are the four methods of administration of drugs?
- systemic - swallow, inject, inhale (analgesics)
- epidural - injection in vertebral canal
- regional - injection in specific nerve
- local - topical or injection direct application
