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Animal Welfare > Exam 2 (shannon's version) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (shannon's version) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three ways that you can measure welfare?

A

behavioral
applied
technical

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2
Q

define behavioral measure

A

how many times an animal does a specific behavior

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3
Q

define applied measures

A

quickly measureable

visual in nature

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4
Q

define technical measures

A

physiological or environmental factors associated with animal welfare

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5
Q

what are the five requirements to asses animal welfare accurately?

A
  1. measured objectively - unaltered by emotion or bias
  2. the thing being measured must be related to the species you are concerned with
  3. impact of human presence and restraint stress must be accounted for - confounded
  4. clearly see the sample (animal) at all times
  5. no sampling bias - don’t refer to animals by their names
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6
Q

define confounded

A

where a dependent variable is influenced by external conditions

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7
Q

define ethogram

A

a dictionary of names and description of all behavioral patterns an animal may have

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8
Q

how can data be collected?

A

duration
or
frequency

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9
Q

what are the three behavioral sampling methods?

A

focal
scan
time

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10
Q

define focal sampling

A

record all activities of one animal continuously

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11
Q

define scan sampling

A

count the number of animals that are doing a specific behavior at predetermined time intervals

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12
Q

define time sampling

A

perform focal sampling at intervals throughout the hour

-not as accurate as focal

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13
Q

what are avoidance tests used for?

A

assessing fear of factors associated with negative experiences

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14
Q

what are applied measure the primary components of?

A

auditing system

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of an auditing system?

A

quick to measure
repeatable
outcome based variables
animal based assessment

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16
Q

what are the things that are commonly measured with applied measures?

A
  • coat, skin, feathers
  • body condition
  • locomotion/lameness
  • wound/lesions
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17
Q

what could coat/skin/feather condition indicate?

A

flaws in management

presence of disease

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18
Q

what do you focus on when looking at coat/skin/feather condition?

A

the presence of hair, fur, or feathers

-NOT sheen or roughness

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19
Q

what do you asses when looking at body condition?

A

fatness and thickness

visibility of skeletal structure through skin

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20
Q

when body condition scoring dairy cattle, what do you have to take into consideration?

A

lactation

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21
Q

when measuring locomotion/lameness what are you looking for?

A

ease or difficulty of walking

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22
Q

what could cause an animal to have issues with locomotion/lameness?

A

facility
nutrition
management

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23
Q

what are you looking for when scoring wounds/lesions?

A

prevalence and severity of the wounds/lesions

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24
Q

what are wound/lesions influenced by?

A

handling
facility
genetic predisposition

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25
Q

what are the characteristics of technical measures?

A 
precise
objective
costly
heavy on physiological and biochemistry 
difficult to conduct
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26
Q

what are common technical measures?

A

hormones: cortisol & epinephrine
metabolites: glucose & lactate

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27
Q

what are hormones and metabolites influenced by?

A

fight or flight

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28
Q

what is the fight or flight response?

A

stimulus of the sympathetic nervous system.

- it prepares the body for an increase in energy demand

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29
Q

what are the two types of stress?

A

distress

eustress

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30
Q

what is distress?

A

negative stress

fear

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31
Q

what is eustress?

A

positive stress

seeking

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32
Q

how does the fight or flight response work?

A
  1. stressful stimulus
  2. activation of amygdala and hypothalamus
  3. CRF released
  4. anterior pituitary secretes ACTH
  5. adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and cortisol
  6. physiological change
33
Q

what do ephinephrine and cortisol increase?

A

blood glucose

34
Q

how is lactate formed?

A

if the metabolic rate exceeds oxygen supply

35
Q

what causes metabolic rate to increase?

A

stress

36
Q

what is needed to make energy?

A

glucose

37
Q

how do you measure cortisol and epinephrine?

A

radioimmunoassay
enzyme linked immunosorbent
-use anitbodies to extract hormones from the sample then use radioactivity or color to measure concentration

38
Q

how do you measure glucose and lactate?

A

measured by enzymatic digestion

end results of reaction create color or changes in conductivity

39
Q

what are characteristics of technical measures?

A

expensive
time consuming
hard
unforgiving

40
Q

what is the primary focus in technical measures?

A

to be objective

41
Q

what is the main factor that should be taken into consideration with technical measures?

A

human presence

42
Q

what is the objective of animal handling?

A

to manipulate animal behavior through visual, auditory, and/or physical stimuli
learned behaviors produce the desired outcome

43
Q

when handling animals what is the most important thing to take account for?

A

status of the food chain

prey vs. predator

44
Q

what are the characteristics of predator behavior?

A
  • social structure
    • dominance
    • solitary
  • eyes on front of head
    - binocular vision
    - attracted to rapid movement
  • fight or flight
  • dogs and cats
45
Q

what are the characteristics of prey behavior?

A
  • social structure
    - gregarious
  • eyes on side of head
    - scanning for predators
    - sensitive to sound
  • cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats
46
Q

how long does it take for an excited animal to calm down?

A

20-30 minutes

47
Q

what is herding animal behavior controlled by?

A

vision

48
Q

what is flight zone?

A

animal comfort zone
animal will move away from you if you get too close
animal will face you when you are out of their flight zone
flight zone will vary depending on species

49
Q

what impacts flight zones?

A 
genetics 
handling history 
sex
pregnancy status 
familiar environment
50
Q

what happens when the animal turns away from you??

A

you are in their flight zone

51
Q

what is the point of balance?

A

it is between the shoulder and eye

it stops forward or reverse movement

52
Q

what is the point of balance used for??

A

to control the direction of motion
behind = move forward
in front = move backward

53
Q

what is the objective of animal handling?

A

keep the animal calm

manipulate behavior

54
Q

why are painful procedures used?

A

increased safety -dehorning, castration
treatment of injury or disease - tail docking
production of desirable products - castration
identification - ear tagging/notching

55
Q

when were most painful procedures developed?

A

before we had recognized animal pain

56
Q

what two categories can painful procedures be put into?

A

medically necessary

medically unnecessary

57
Q

what are some medically necessary procedures?

A

obvious: surgery (amputation, tumor removal)

not so obvious: catheters, feeding tubes, trauma, toxicity

58
Q

what are some medically unnecessary procedures?

A 
tail docking
ear cropping
dew claw removal 
declaw
spay/neuter
59
Q

why is good animal welfare a vital component of successful production animal husbandry?

A

welfare state affects the:

  • product being produced
  • financial health of the producer
  • consumer perception - marketing of product
  • ethical for animals
60
Q

what is the basis of companion animal welfare??

A

ethics

end goal is companionship, not a product

61
Q

what is the biggest obstacle for companion animal welfare?

A

“because I can”

62
Q

what would motivate the companion animal care giver to employ pain relief or avoid painful procedures?

A

societal shift of ethics
education
awareness

63
Q

what are the three categories of pain?

A

acute
chronic
pathological

64
Q

what is acute pain?

A

pain generated by initial procedure

65
Q

what is chronic pain??

A

follows acute pain

during healing process

66
Q

what is pathological pain??

A

generated by nerve damage

may last weeks, month, years

67
Q

how should you asses pain??

A

using indirect indicators

68
Q

what are some ways to asses pain?

A

physiological - heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, brain activity, hormones, and metabolites
behavioral - restlessness, vocalization, tail swishing, ear flicking

69
Q

what should you consider before performing a painful procedure?

A

is it necessary?
what are the harms?
what are the benefits?
do the benefits out weigh the harms?

70
Q

what is analgesics?

A

reduced or eliminates the mechanism causing pain

71
Q

what is anesthetic?

A

removes sensation of pain and may induce a state of unconsciousness

72
Q

if it ends in “ic” it is what?

A

a drug or a compound

73
Q

if it ends in “ia” it is what?

A

state the animal will be in after taking the drug

74
Q

what is sedation?

A

level of consciousness
has nothing to do with pain
a sedated animal could still feel pain

75
Q

what is a paralytic?

A

neuromuscular blocking agent
block nerve transmission in skeletal muscle
-need ventilation

76
Q

what are common pain drugs?

A

alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonists
-analgesics and sedative
NSAIDs
anti inflammatory and analgesics

77
Q

what is the most common anesthetic?

A

lidocaine

-numming

78
Q

what are the four methods of administration of drugs?

A
  1. systemic - swallow, inject, inhale (analgesics)
  2. epidural - injection in vertebral canal
  3. regional - injection in specific nerve
  4. local - topical or injection direct application

Animal Welfare (6 decks)

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