exam 2 Flashcards
what are the 3 primary measures of animal welfare
- behavioral
- applied
- technical
what are behavioral measures
the assessment of the occurrence of of specific behaviors
applied measures
quickly measurable assessments that are typically visual in nature
technical measures
direct measurements of physiological or environmental factors associated with animal welfare
what are the 5 requirements for accurate welfare assessment
- measurement must be OBJECTIVE, which means unaltered by emotion of personal prejudice
- the variables that are measured must be RELATED to the species and welfare state under concern
- the impact of human presence and restraint stress must be accounted for
- must be able to clearly see the sampling unit at all times
- must not create a sampling bias
what is an ethogram
a dictionary of the names and descriptions of all the behavioral patterns that constitute a species behavioral repertoire
3 major behavior sampling methods
- focal
- scan
- time
when are avoidance tests used
used to assess fear of factors associated with negative experiences
-they measure the distance an animal keeps from an approaching person
what is confounding
a situation where a dependent variable is influenced by external conditions such that the true effects of an independent variables cannot be isolated
what are applied measures used for and why
auditing because:
- quick to measure
- repeatable
- outcome based variables
- animal based assessments
what are the 4 common applied measurements
- coat, skin, feather condition
- body condition
- locomotion/lameness
- wounds/lesions
what might the coat skin and feather assessment prove
may indicate flaw in management or the presence of disease states
what does body condition assess
the fatness and thinness
-based on the visibility of skeletal structures through the skin or hide
what does the locomotion/lameness score assess
measures the ease or difficulty an animal has when walking
wound lesion scoring
indicates the prevalence and or severity of wounds or lesions on the body which could be multiple factors:
- handling
- facility
- genetic predisposition
characteristics of technical measures
- generally precise and highly objective
- more costly than behavioral or applied measures
- focus heavily on physiology and biochemistry
- difficult to conduct in field conditions
2 common technical measures
- hormones: cortisol and epinephrine
- metabolites: glucose and lactate
(fight or flight)
what is the fight or flight response
- stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
2 types of stress
- distress
2. eustress
order of occurrence for the fight or flight response
- stressful stimulus
- activation of amygdala and hypothalamus
- CRF or CRH released
- anterior pituitary secretes ACTH
- adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and cortisol
- physiology changes occur
how is the glucose and lactate measurement measured and what are the end results
- measured by enzymatic digestion
2. end results of reactions create color or changes in electrical conductivity
when handling animals, the most important factor to account for is
the animals status on the food chain
can the body tell the difference between the 2 types of stress
no, but the brain can differentiate
Epinephrine and cortisol are released into the blood. This causes what to increase
blood glucose
when does lactate form
forms if the metabolic rate exceeds oxygen supply
define HPA axis
emotional responses trigger hormone release cascade called the Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
what 2 chemical responses to stress are almost identical
cortisol and lactate
what is the objective of animal handling
manipulation of animal behavior through visual, auditory, and or physical stimuli and learned behaviors to produce a desired outcome
how long does it take for an excited animal to calm down
20-30 minutes
what are 5 ways the flight zone of an animal is impacted
- genetics
- handling history
- size
- pregnancy status
- familiarity with enivornment
where is the point of balance
point of balance is located between the shoulder and eye of the animal
what are 4 reasons painful procedures are used
- increased safety (dehorning)
- treatment of injury and disease (tail docking pigs)
- production of desirable products (castration)
- idetification
what are the 2 categories of painful procedures
- medically necessary
2. medically unnecessary
List examples of “obvious” and “not so obvious” procedures that are medically necessary
- Obvious
- surgery
- fracture repair
- amputation - not so obvious
- catheters
- feeding tubes
- chemotherapy
list examples of medically unnecessary procedures for dogs and cats
- dogs: tail docking, ear cropping, dew claw removal
- cats: onychectomy
BOTH: spay and neuter
how does good animal welfare result in successful production animal husbandry (4 ways)
- affects the product being produced
- welfare state affects the financial health of the producer
- consumer perception of welfare affects marketing of the product
- ETHICAL FOR THE ANIMAL
what statement is the primary obstacle with good animal welfare
“because I can”
what motivates companion animal owners to avoid painful procedures and give pain relief
- societal shift of ethics
2. education and awareness
what are the 2 challenges we face when using pain medication for animals
- how do we select appropriate therapies
2. how do we assess the therapies
define acute pain
pain generated by initial procedure
define chronic pain
follows acute pain, present during healing
define pathological pain
generated by nerve damage which may last weeks, months or years (HARDEST TO TREAT)
what are the physiological indicators of pain
- heart rate
- blood pressure
- rectal temp
- brain activity
what are the behavioral indicators of pain
- restlessness
- vocalization
- tail swishing
- ear flicking
3 things to consider before performing a painful procedure
- is the procedure necessary
- what harms are caused by the procedure
- do the benefits outweigh the harms
what is an analgesic
a drug that reduces or eliminates the mechanisms causing pain
what is an anesthetic
the state induced by the drug
-removes the sensation of pain
what are the 4 methods of administration of pain treatment
- systemic
- epidural
- regional
- local
The systemic method if typically used for what analgesics
- NSAIDs
2. a-2 AAs
What is an epidural
an injection of anesthetic into the vertebral canal
What is a regional injection
injection of anesthetic into a specific nerve which blocks sensation to a region of the body
what is a local anesthetic
direct application of anesthetic to painful area of the body
what are the 6 common painful procedures in cattle
- disbudding
- dehorning
- castration
- branding
- ear notching or tagging
- tail docking
what are the 3 common painful procedures for sheep
- castration
- tail docking
- ear notching or tagging
5 common painful procedures for pigs
- castration
- teeth clipping
- tail docking
- ear notching
- nose ringing
3 common painful procedures for horses
- castration
- tail docking
- tail nicking
3 common painful procedures for poultry
- beak trimming
- dubbing or desnooding
- claw removeal
what hormone is released from the adrenal cortex during a stressful event
cortisol
when cortisol is released, what substance increases in concentration in the blood
glucose
