Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Welfare > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 primary measures of animal welfare

A
  1. behavioral
  2. applied
  3. technical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are behavioral measures

A

the assessment of the occurrence of of specific behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

applied measures

A

quickly measurable assessments that are typically visual in nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

technical measures

A

direct measurements of physiological or environmental factors associated with animal welfare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 5 requirements for accurate welfare assessment

A
  1. measurement must be OBJECTIVE, which means unaltered by emotion of personal prejudice
  2. the variables that are measured must be RELATED to the species and welfare state under concern
  3. the impact of human presence and restraint stress must be accounted for
  4. must be able to clearly see the sampling unit at all times
  5. must not create a sampling bias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is an ethogram

A

a dictionary of the names and descriptions of all the behavioral patterns that constitute a species behavioral repertoire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 major behavior sampling methods

A
  1. focal
  2. scan
  3. time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when are avoidance tests used

A

used to assess fear of factors associated with negative experiences
-they measure the distance an animal keeps from an approaching person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is confounding

A

a situation where a dependent variable is influenced by external conditions such that the true effects of an independent variables cannot be isolated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are applied measures used for and why

A

auditing because:

  1. quick to measure
  2. repeatable
  3. outcome based variables
  4. animal based assessments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 4 common applied measurements

A
  1. coat, skin, feather condition
  2. body condition
  3. locomotion/lameness
  4. wounds/lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what might the coat skin and feather assessment prove

A

may indicate flaw in management or the presence of disease states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does body condition assess

A

the fatness and thinness

-based on the visibility of skeletal structures through the skin or hide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the locomotion/lameness score assess

A

measures the ease or difficulty an animal has when walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

wound lesion scoring

A

indicates the prevalence and or severity of wounds or lesions on the body which could be multiple factors:

  • handling
  • facility
  • genetic predisposition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

characteristics of technical measures

A
  • generally precise and highly objective
  • more costly than behavioral or applied measures
  • focus heavily on physiology and biochemistry
  • difficult to conduct in field conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2 common technical measures

A
  1. hormones: cortisol and epinephrine
  2. metabolites: glucose and lactate
    (fight or flight)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the fight or flight response

A
  1. stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 types of stress

A
  1. distress

2. eustress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

order of occurrence for the fight or flight response

A
  1. stressful stimulus
  2. activation of amygdala and hypothalamus
  3. CRF or CRH released
  4. anterior pituitary secretes ACTH
  5. adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and cortisol
  6. physiology changes occur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how is the glucose and lactate measurement measured and what are the end results

A
  1. measured by enzymatic digestion

2. end results of reactions create color or changes in electrical conductivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when handling animals, the most important factor to account for is

A

the animals status on the food chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

can the body tell the difference between the 2 types of stress

A

no, but the brain can differentiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Epinephrine and cortisol are released into the blood. This causes what to increase

A

blood glucose

25
Q

when does lactate form

A

forms if the metabolic rate exceeds oxygen supply

26
Q

define HPA axis

A

emotional responses trigger hormone release cascade called the Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

27
Q

what 2 chemical responses to stress are almost identical

A

cortisol and lactate

28
Q

what is the objective of animal handling

A

manipulation of animal behavior through visual, auditory, and or physical stimuli and learned behaviors to produce a desired outcome

29
Q

how long does it take for an excited animal to calm down

A

20-30 minutes

30
Q

what are 5 ways the flight zone of an animal is impacted

A
  1. genetics
  2. handling history
  3. size
  4. pregnancy status
  5. familiarity with enivornment
31
Q

where is the point of balance

A

point of balance is located between the shoulder and eye of the animal

32
Q

what are 4 reasons painful procedures are used

A
  1. increased safety (dehorning)
  2. treatment of injury and disease (tail docking pigs)
  3. production of desirable products (castration)
  4. idetification
33
Q

what are the 2 categories of painful procedures

A
  1. medically necessary

2. medically unnecessary

34
Q

List examples of “obvious” and “not so obvious” procedures that are medically necessary

A
  1. Obvious
    - surgery
    - fracture repair
    - amputation
  2. not so obvious
    - catheters
    - feeding tubes
    - chemotherapy
35
Q

list examples of medically unnecessary procedures for dogs and cats

A
  1. dogs: tail docking, ear cropping, dew claw removal
  2. cats: onychectomy

BOTH: spay and neuter

36
Q

how does good animal welfare result in successful production animal husbandry (4 ways)

A
  1. affects the product being produced
  2. welfare state affects the financial health of the producer
  3. consumer perception of welfare affects marketing of the product
  4. ETHICAL FOR THE ANIMAL
37
Q

what statement is the primary obstacle with good animal welfare

A

“because I can”

38
Q

what motivates companion animal owners to avoid painful procedures and give pain relief

A
  1. societal shift of ethics

2. education and awareness

39
Q

what are the 2 challenges we face when using pain medication for animals

A
  1. how do we select appropriate therapies

2. how do we assess the therapies

40
Q

define acute pain

A

pain generated by initial procedure

41
Q

define chronic pain

A

follows acute pain, present during healing

42
Q

define pathological pain

A

generated by nerve damage which may last weeks, months or years (HARDEST TO TREAT)

43
Q

what are the physiological indicators of pain

A
  1. heart rate
  2. blood pressure
  3. rectal temp
  4. brain activity
44
Q

what are the behavioral indicators of pain

A
  1. restlessness
  2. vocalization
  3. tail swishing
  4. ear flicking
45
Q

3 things to consider before performing a painful procedure

A
  1. is the procedure necessary
  2. what harms are caused by the procedure
  3. do the benefits outweigh the harms
46
Q

what is an analgesic

A

a drug that reduces or eliminates the mechanisms causing pain

47
Q

what is an anesthetic

A

the state induced by the drug

-removes the sensation of pain

48
Q

what are the 4 methods of administration of pain treatment

A
  1. systemic
  2. epidural
  3. regional
  4. local
49
Q

The systemic method if typically used for what analgesics

A
  1. NSAIDs

2. a-2 AAs

50
Q

What is an epidural

A

an injection of anesthetic into the vertebral canal

51
Q

What is a regional injection

A

injection of anesthetic into a specific nerve which blocks sensation to a region of the body

52
Q

what is a local anesthetic

A

direct application of anesthetic to painful area of the body

53
Q

what are the 6 common painful procedures in cattle

A
  1. disbudding
  2. dehorning
  3. castration
  4. branding
  5. ear notching or tagging
  6. tail docking
54
Q

what are the 3 common painful procedures for sheep

A
  1. castration
  2. tail docking
  3. ear notching or tagging
55
Q

5 common painful procedures for pigs

A
  1. castration
  2. teeth clipping
  3. tail docking
  4. ear notching
  5. nose ringing
56
Q

3 common painful procedures for horses

A
  1. castration
  2. tail docking
  3. tail nicking
57
Q

3 common painful procedures for poultry

A
  1. beak trimming
  2. dubbing or desnooding
  3. claw removeal
58
Q

what hormone is released from the adrenal cortex during a stressful event

A

cortisol

59
Q

when cortisol is released, what substance increases in concentration in the blood

A

glucose

Animal Welfare (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions