exam one study guide Flashcards
ABCDE?
structure way of approaching a trauma or critically ill patient
A: airway, assess how air gets into the lungs, checking mouth and neck
B: breathing, only looking at lungs, hemothorax?
C: circulation for cardiovascular system
D: diability, broken arm?
E: exposure, enviroment
absorption
movement of a drug from its site of origin into bloodstream
adverse effects
-undesirable and unintended effect of a drug
-unrelated to pharmacological action of drug
agonist/antagonist
-agonist: drug that activates a receptor and produces the same type of response as an internal substance
-antagonist: drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding and blocking a receptor
aloe drug class
laxative supplement
aloe therapeutic class
dietary
indications of aloe
soothe painful burns, heals burns, softens skin
actions of aloe
anti inflammatory, analgesic, laxative
adverse effects of aloe
fluid and electrolyte imbalance
contraindications of aloe
avoid in kidney and cardiac disorders if taken orally
interactions of aloe
lower potassium from diarrhea, can increase warfarin effects
anaphylaxis
most severe and life threatening condition
bioavailability principle
rate and extent the active ingredient is absorbed into the bloodstream
drug class of black cohosh
herbal supplement
therapeutic class of black cohosh
dietary
indications of black cohosh
menopausal symptoms, women’s hormonal related symptoms, PMS
actions of black cohosh
unknown, estrogen subsitute
adverse effects of black cohosh
GI uspet, HA, vaginal bleeding, possible liver injury
contraindications of black cohosh
pregnancy, breast cancer, kidney disease, liver disease
interactions of black cohosh
increase effects of antihypertensives, estrogens and BCP
drug class of saw palmetto
herbal supplement
therapeutic class of saw palmetto
dietary
indications of saw palmetto
benign prostatic hyperplasia
actions of saw palmetto
can decrease prostate enlargement
adverse effects of saw palmetto
GI upset, increase blood thinning
contraindications of saw palmetto
pregnancy X, use of platelets
depot medication
slow release form of medication, IM or sub q, lasts a lot longer
similar drugs to cannaboids
dronabinol, nabilone
therapeutic class of cannaboids
dietary
indications of cannaboids
pain, chronic pain, neuropathies, diabetes, spasticity
actions of cannaboids
activates cannabinoid receptor in the CNS
adverse effects of cannaboids
increased HR, appetite, sleepiness, dizziness
contraindications of cannaboids
asthma, cardiac disease
drug adherence
ability to take drugs properly
drug distribution
transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its site of action
drugs and aplastic anemia
-aplastic anemia: an adverse effect of bone marrow suppression where all cell lines are reduced
drug toxicity
drugs that can cause tissue injury
nephrotoxicity
kidney injury, renal tubules are exposed to high concentration can become injured
neurotoxicity
brain/nerve toxicity, blood brain barrier controls access of certain drugs to brain
otototoxicity
hearing impairment to damage to eighth cranial nerve
hepatotoxicity
liver injury
dermatologic toxicity
skin rashes, urticaria
cardiotoxicity
-heart injury
-antiarrythmics, antimicrobials, antidepressants, antipsychotics
drug class of feverfew
herbal supplement
therapeutic class of feverfew
dietary
indications of feverfew
migraines, arthritis
actions of feverfew
blocks platlet aggregation
adverse effects of feverfew
GI upset, post feverfew syndrome, aggravate bleeding
post feverfew syndrome
fatigue, headache and insomnia
contraindications of feverfew
use of blood thinners, pregnancy and surgery
first pass metabolism
if drug is metabolized in liver or excreted in the bile, drug will lose some of active ingredient, bioavailability is less than 100%
drug class of garlic
herbal supplement
therapeutic class of garlic
dietary
indications of garlic
reduce atherosclerosis, reduce higher cholestrol
actions of garlic
release enzyme allicin
adverse effects of garlic
GI upset, bad breath, body odor, increase bleeding
contraindications of garlic
use of NSAIDs, heparin, warfarin, hemophilia, surgery
drug class of ginger root
herbal supplement
therapeutic class of ginger root
dietary
indications of ginger root
nausea, upset stomach, morning and motion sickness
actions of ginger root
relieves vertigo
adverse effects of ginger root
increased bleeding, hypoglycemia
contraindications of ginger root
can increase miscarriage risk
drug class of echinacea
herbal dietary supplement
indications of echinacea
mainly used for the common cold
actions of echinacea
possibly treats viruses
adverse effects of echinacea
bitter taste, GI upset, fever, allergic reaction
contraindications of echinacea
immunocompromised patients
therapeutic class of gingko biloba
dietary supplement
indications of gingko biloba
support memory
actions of gingko biloba
promotes vasodilation
adverse effects of gingko biloba
GI upset, HA, possible seizures
contraindications of gingko biloba
use of blood thinnersm antihistamines, antidepressants, antipsychotics, epilepsy
therapeutic class of glucosamine
dietary supplement
indications of glucosamine
joint health
actions of glucosamine
stimulates cells to make cartilage and synovial fluid
adverse effects of glucosamine
nausea, heartburn, bleeding
contraindications of glucosamine
shellfish allergy, concurrent use of antiplatelets or anticoagulants
ideal drug
-effectively treats, prevents, cures patients condition
-produces rapid, predictable response ay relatively low doses
peak/trough levels
-peak level is the highest concentration of a drug in the patients bloodstream
-trough levels is the lowest concentration of a drug in a patients bloodstream
ADME
-absorption: process by which the drug enters the body, how will it get in?
-distribution: movement of the drug between various compartments, where will it go?
-metabolism: drug is structurally altered into another chemical entity, how is it broken down
-elimination: clearance of drug and its metabolites, how does it leave?
polypharmacy
-use of 5+ drugs
-high prevalence in the geriatric population
prototype medication
single drug from each class used to compare all the other drugs to each class
placebo effect
serves as a control for the non treatment group
pharmacodynamics
action of drug in the body
pharmacokinetics
movement of drug in the body
pregnancy category A
well controlled studies in pregnant women, shows no risk to fetus in any trimester
pregnancy category B
animal studies shows no evidence to harm a fetus bu no good studies in humans
pregnancy category C
no studied performed on animals or pregnancy
pregnancy category D
well controlled studies that do show risk to the fetus but sometimes the benefits of a drug outweighs the risk
pregnancy category X
evidence of fetal abnormality, never give to a pregnant women
routes for drug adminstration
right patient, dose, route, drug, time
steven johnson syndrome
severe adverse skin reaction due to medications
therapeutic index
range of drug to provide a therapeutic response to the highest amount taken without causing cell/tissue injury
torsades
rare type of ventricular tachycardia that can cause sudden cardiac death
synergistic/ additive
-synergistic: the effect of 2 chemicals taken together is greater than the sum of their separate effects at the same doses, 1+1>2
-additive: the effect of 2 chemicals is equal to the sum of the effect of the two chemicals taken separately, 1+1=2
tolerance
taking a drug for a long time and the effect does not work when the drug was first taken
drug adherence
ability to take drugs properly
high risk drugs
A PINCH
A: anti infectives
P:potassium and other electrolytes
I: insulin
N: narcotics
C: chemotherapy agents
H: heparin and other anticoagulants
hypnotic med
drugs used to induce, extend or prolong sleep
penicillin allergy
most likely to cause an allergic reaction and causes skin reactions
GABA system
-system of nervous system that inhibits neural excitability
-decrease GABA: insomnia
med dosage calculation parameter
age, height and drug allergies are needed
drug class for kava
herbal supplement
therapeutic class for kava
dietary
indications of kava
insomnia, anxiety, muscle cramping/erlaxation
actions of kava
possibly acts on GABA receptors in the CNS, promotes sleep, decreases anxiety, muscle relaxant
adverse effects of kava
dry, flaky skin, large doses can lead to liver injury
contraindications of kava
concurrent use with CNS depressants including ETOH
