exam one 5 Flashcards
Motivation:
the direction and intensity of effort (Sage, 1977)
Direction:
what you seek out, want, or desire
Intensity:
how much effort you put forth in a situation
Stages of Development
1. Autonomous Competence Stage –
motivated to learn on your own (internal)
Stages of Development
- Social Comparison Stage –
motivated to beat or compete with others (external)
Stages of Development
- Integrated Stage –
balance of both self and social (internal + external)
Intrinsic Motivation –
behaviors driven by internal rewards
– Internal enjoyment
– Fun = purpose of the activity
– Feel no pressure
– Allows for building of competence
– Provides autonomy (control)
– Usually leads to best performance
Extrinsic Motivation –
behaviors driven by external rewards
– Not motivated just about fun/enjoyment
– Beating Others: Adam Kennedy opposing dugout
– Parental pressure
– Financial pressure: being paid can impact IM
– Extrinsic rewards (Ex. Kids baseball story)
Amotivation – unmotivated or “don’t care”
Extrinsic Rewards
–Money/material items
–Scholarships
–Contracts
–Fame & Attention
–Championships
–Award
Achievement Motivation (autonomous; self-comparison):
- Task orientation: efforts to master a task
- achieve excellence
- overcome obstacles
- take pride in talent (Murray, 1938)
- persist in the face of failure
- experience pride in accomplishments
Trait-centered view -
Behavior depends on characteristics, personality, and goals
Situation-centered view -
Behavior a product of the situation
(Ex. Work hard in sport but not in class)
Interactional view -
consider how person and situation interact
Task Orientation (Mastery)
- Focuses on skill improvement
- Improve past performances (intrinsic + performance goal)
- In own control
- “About getting better.”
- Work ethic and repetitions
- Mastery of fundamentals of your craft
Strengths:
reduces importance of winning/losing (not scared to fail)
Weaknesses:
can’t always measure your success level
Outcome Orientation (Ego)
- Performance against others (extrinsic)
- Wanting to reach highest levels
- Awards
- Championships
- Statistics
Strengths: Can measure results + brings out competitiveness
Weaknesses: only concern winning/losing (focus out of control
Entitlement (Fixed Mindset):
outcome - fixed ability and unable to change with effort
Incremental (Growth Mindset):
process -task focus changing ability through hard work and effort
Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000):
3 human innate needs/motives:
1. Competence - knowledge; mastery of skill
2. Relatedness - relationships with others
3. Autonomy - in control of self and future
Cognitive Evaluation Theory -
factors that influence intrinsic motivation
Controlling aspects: Rewards perceived controlling = –IM Rewards contribute to SDT = +IM
Informational aspects: Rewards + perceived competence = +IM
Personality Factors
High achievers high motivation to achieve success
Low achievers high motivation to avoid failure
Achievement Behavior
High achievers select challenging tasks, medium risks, perform better under evaluation
Low achievers avoid risk, perform worse when being evaluated, avoid challenging tasks
Resultant Tendencies
High achievers seek out challenges of equal abilities
Low achievers seek low (success certain) or high level opponents (failure certain)
