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PHRM 865 > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

Gram positive bacteria stain color

A

purple

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2
Q

Gram negative bacteria stain color

A

red/pink

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3
Q

Cell wall of gram positive bacteria

A

thick peptidoglycan cell wall

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4
Q

Cell wall of gram negative bacteria

A

thin peptidoglycan cell wall

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5
Q

Atypical bacteria gram stain color

A

Do not stain using gram stain

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6
Q

Acid fast bacilli (AFB) characteristic overview

A

resistant to acids/ethanol based decolorization procedures

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7
Q

Which gram positive bacteria is an anaerobic cocci?

A

peptococcus peptostreptococcus

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8
Q

Which type of gram positive bacteria are catalase postive?

A
  • aerobic cocci clusters
  • staphylococcus spp
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9
Q

Which gram positive bacteria are aerobic catalase (+) coagulase (+) ?

A

staphylococcus aureus

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10
Q

Which gram positive bacteria are aerobic catalase (+) coagulase (-) ?

A

CoNS (staphylococcus epidermidis)

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11
Q

Which type of gram positive bacteria are catalase negative?

A
  • aerobic pairs/chains
  • streptococcus spp.
  • enterococcus spp.
  • viridans streptococci
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12
Q

How are pairs/chains further differentiated?

A

alpha/beta/gamma hemolysis

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13
Q

Alpha hemolysis culture

A

partial hemolysis

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14
Q

Beta hemolysis culture

A

full hemolysis

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15
Q

Gamma hemolysis culture

A

non-hemolytic

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16
Q

Which type of bacteria are characterized as gram positive, aerobic, catalase (-), alpha hemolysis?

A
  • streptococcus pneumoniae
  • viridans streptococci
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17
Q

Which type of bacteria are characterized as gram positive, aerobic, catalase (-), beta hemolysis?

A
  • streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)
  • streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)
  • think fire and GAS
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18
Q

Which type of bacteria are characterized as gram positive, aerobic, catalase (-), gamma hemolysis?

A
  • enterococcus faecium
  • enterococcus faaecalis
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19
Q

Which type of gram positive bacteria are anaerobic bacilli?

A
  • clostridium spp.
  • clostridioides difficile
  • cutibacterium
  • actinomyces
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20
Q

Which type of bacteria are characterized as gram positive, anaerobic and spore forming?

A
  • clostridium spp.
  • clostridioides difficile
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21
Q

Which type of bacteria are characterized as gram positive, anaerobic and non-spore forming?

A
  • cutibacterium
  • actinomyces
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22
Q

Which type of gram positive bacteria are aerobic bacilli?

A
  • bacillus spp.
  • corynebacterium
  • lactobacillus spp.
  • listeria monocytogenes
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23
Q

Which type of gram bacteria are characterized as aerobic and spore forming?

A

bacillus spp.

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24
Q

Which type of gram positive bacteria are characterized as aerobic and non-spore forming?

A
  • corynebacterium
  • lactobacillus spp.
  • Listeria monocytogenes
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25
Q

Most medically important gram positive pathogens are ____ rather than ______.

A

cocci, bacilli

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26
Q

Which colony forms clusters?

A

gram positive staphylococcus

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27
Q

Which bacteria appear in pairs or chains?

A

gram positive streptococci and enterococci

28
Q

Where in the body can you find alpha hemolytic pathogens?

A

oral cavity

29
Q

Where in the body can you find beta hemolytic pathogens?

A

skin, pharynx, genitourinary

30
Q

Where in the body can you find gamma hemolytic pathogens?

A

gastrointestinal system

31
Q

Which type of bacteria are characterized as gram negative aerobic cocci?

A
  • Neisseria spp.
  • Moraxella catarrhalis
32
Q

Which type of bacteria are characterized as gram negative aerobic coccobacilli?

A
  • Haemophilus spp.
33
Q

Which type of bacteria are characterized as gram negative anaerobic cocci?

A
  • veillonella spp.
34
Q

Which type of bacteria are characterized as gram negative anaerobic bacilli?

A
  • bacteroides spp.
  • fusobacterium spp.
  • prevotella spp.
35
Q

Which type of bacteria are considered gram negative aerobic bacilli enterobacterales and are lactose-fermenters (oxidase negative)?

A
  • citrobacter spp.
  • enterobacter spp.
  • E. coli
  • Klebsiella spp.
  • think CEEK out lactose
36
Q

Which type of bacteria are considered gram negative aerobic bacilli enterobacterales and are nonlactose-fermenters?

A
  • morganella morganii
  • proteus spp.
  • providencia spp.
  • salmonella spp.
  • serratia marcescens
  • shigella spp.
37
Q

Which type of bacteria are characterized as gram negative non enteric aerobic bacilli, lactose-fermenters (oxidase positive)?

A
  • aeromonas hydrophila
  • pasteurella multocida
  • vibrio cholerae
38
Q

Which type of bacteria are characterized as gram negative non enteric aerobic bacilli, nonlactose-fermenters?

A
  • pseudomonas spp.
  • acinetobacter spp.
  • alcaligenes spp.
  • burkholderia cepacia
  • stenotrophomas maltophilia
39
Q

Which type of bacteria are characterized as gram negative non enteric aerobic bacilli, fastidious

A
  • campylobacter
  • helicobacter
  • bartonella
  • HACEK organisms (haemophilus, actinobacilius, cardiobacterium, eikenella, kingella)
40
Q

Which bacteria are considered atypical?

A

-chlamydia pneumoniae
- chlamydia trachomatis
- legionella pneumophila
- mycoplasma pneumoniae

41
Q

Which bacteria are characterized as spirochetes?

A
  • treponema pallidum
  • borrelia burgdorferi
42
Q

Which type of gram negative bacteria are the predominate pathogen?

A

gram negative bacilli

43
Q

How is lactose fermentation important?

A

helps identify enterobacterales from non-fermenting rods

44
Q

What is special about fastidious organisms?

A

slow growers, require special supplemental media

45
Q

What are penicillin binding proteins?

A

enzymes vital for cell wall synthesis, cell shape, and structural integrity

46
Q

What are the different types of penicillin biding proteins?

A
  • transpeptidases
  • carboxypeptidases
  • endopeptidases
47
Q

What is the relationship between the PBPs of graam positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

no relationship, differ from bacterial species to another

48
Q

Binding to which PBPs induce a bactericidal effect?

A

1A, 1B, 2, and 3

49
Q

Which PBP is the most important?

A

Transpeptidase (catalyzes the final cross linking in the peptidoglycan structure)

50
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane

A
  • acts as selective barrier
  • certain drugs must pass through to reach target site
51
Q

Peptidoglycan Layer (cell wall)

A
  • Gram Positive: thick
  • Gram negative: thin
  • Permeability barrier for large molecules
  • PBPs are essential for cell-wall synthesis
52
Q

Outer membrane

A
  • gram negative bacteria only
  • LOPS is the mediator of immune response and sepsis
  • porins are hydrophilic channels that permit diffusion of essential nutrients and small hydrophilic molecules
53
Q

Periplasmic Space

A
  • Compartment between cell membrane and cell wall (gram positive)
  • between cell membrane and outer membrane (gram negative)
54
Q

What is the periplasmic space vital for?

A
  • Vital for bacterial protein secretion, folding, quality control
  • acts as reservoir for virulence factors
55
Q

What is the definition of intrinsic resistance

A

always resistant to given antibiotic

56
Q

What is the mechanism of intrinsic resistance?

A
  • absence of target site
  • bacterial cell impermeability
57
Q

What are examples of intrinsic resistance?

A
  • cephalosporins vs enterococci
  • beta lactams vs mycoplasma
58
Q

What is the definition of acquired resistance?

A

initially susceptible but develop resistance due to some mechanism

59
Q

What is the mechanism of aquired resistance?

A
  • mutation in bacterial DNA (spontaneously vs selective pressure)
  • Acquisition of new DNA (chromosomal or extrachromosomal plasmid)
60
Q

What are examples of aquired resistance?

A
  • stable derepression of AmpC
  • acquisition of KPC gene in GNRs
61
Q

Plasmid Acquired Resistance

A
  • self-replicating, extrachromosomal DNA
  • transferable between organisms
  • one plasmid can encode resistance to multiple antibiotics (resistance genes)
62
Q

Transposons Acquired Resistance

A
  • jumping genes
  • genetic elements capable of translocating from one location to another
  • move from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa
  • single transposon may encode multiple resistance determinants
63
Q

Phages Acquired Resistance

A
  • viruses that can transfer DNA from organism to organism
64
Q

Conjugation Acquired Resistance

A
  • direct contact or mating via sex pili
  • most common
  • DNA shared via mobile genetic elements (MGE) such as plasmids or transposons
65
Q

Transduction Acquired Resistance

A
  • transfer of genes between bacteria by bacteriophage (virus)
66
Q

Transformation Acquired Resistance

A
  • transfer or uptake of free floating DNA from the environment
  • DNA is integrated into host DNA
67
Q
A

PHRM 865 (9 decks)

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