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KCUMB Histology > EXAM III Upper GI > Flashcards

EXAM III Upper GI Flashcards

1
Q

What type of epithelium is along the length of the upper GI and at both ends?

A

Lengthwise = Simple columnar w/ glands

Both ends = Stratified squamous

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2
Q

What type of muscle is along the length of the upper GI and at both ends?

A

Lengthwise = smooth muscle

Both ends = skeletal muscle

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3
Q

Describe the mucous membrane lining the oral cavity

A

Lined with a mucous membrane lying on a vascular FECT layer

Mucosa = stratified squamous (poorly keratinized), basement membrane, lamina propria w/ high papillae and mixed mucous glands

Dermis = rich plexus of capillaries prominent at free margin of lip

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4
Q

Altho the cheek has a similar structure to the lip, what is one exception?

A

Contain abundant elastic fibers present in submucosa continuous w/ fibers surrounding striated muscle and lamina propria = max distensibility to oral mucous membrane

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5
Q

What are the components of the oral cavity?

A

Teeth

Tongue (w/ taste buds)

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6
Q

What 3 embryonic tissues interact in the developing teeth?

A

MEN (some men have beautiful teeth)

Mesoderm

Ectoderm = forms enamel organ

Formed under influence of mesoderm & neural crest

Neural crest

M & E form dental papilla, dentin, cementum (holds tooth into alveolar/tooth socket), pulp, & surrounding CT and periodontal pulp

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7
Q

What is the dental lamina (teeth)?

A

The internal limb of the labiodental lamina that grows from the primordium into the mesenchyme bifid structure.

primordium = fromed from basal cells of oral ectoderm

bifid = (labiodental lamina) external limb splits later to form groove that separates lip and rest of mouth

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8
Q

What 3 cells are involved in the development of teeth?

A

ACO Always Cum Orally

Ameloblasts

Cementoblasts

Odontoblasts

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9
Q

Describe the histology and function of the Ameloblasts

A

Forms the enamel (only covers tooth crown)

Enamel - hardest substance in body (96% inorganic salts, 90% is CaPhosphate = apatite crystals & 4% organic matter)

Laid down in prisms, formed by a single ameloblast

Tomes’ processes = apical domains

Periods of rhythmic growth = Increment lines of Retzius

No collagen and NOT regenerated (hence cavities)

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10
Q

Describe the histology and function of the Cementoblasts

A

Sharpey’s fibers

in a bone-like calcified matrix

Deposit cementum on dentin of the root from neck to apex

Cementum = cells of dental sac that differentiate into cementoblasts which do above ^

a thin layer of bony material that fixes teeth to the jaw.

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11
Q

Describe the histology and function of Odontoblasts

A

Matrix = 20% organic bone material & Type I collagen

Forms dentin matrix thruout tooth’s life (as opposed to Ameloblasts which is not regerated)

Forms single layer of cells lining pulp cavity

Tomes’ dentinal fibers - cytoplasmic extensions of odontoblasts

Increment lines of Ebner and Owen (growth spurts)

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12
Q

What 2 organic components are unique to enamel and removed after calcification?

A

A&E Apples & Ecstasy

Amelogenins

Enamelins

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13
Q

What does the pulp consist of, where is it derived from?

A

Dental papilla via epithelial bud

Fibroblasts, MOs, peripheral odontoblasts, reticular fibers, nerve fibers, blood vessels that pass via apical foramen

Pulp = ​part in the center of a tooth made up of living connective tissue and odontoblasts

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14
Q

Describe the histology and functions of the periodontal membrane

A

Connective tissue formed from dental sac w/ fibroblasts, osteoblasts, cementoblasts, collagen fibers, blood vessels, and nerve fibers

Highly metabolic

Binds cementum to bony socket

Sharpey’s fibers extend from cementum to alveolar wall via membrane

Absorbs pressures of mastication & prevents pressure from damaging alveolar bone

Affected by diseases; diabetes & scurvy

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15
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis?

A

Separates the anterior 2/3 of upper oral portion from the posterior 1/3

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16
Q

What are the 4 kinds of lingual papillae?

A

CFFF Come Fk Friends on Friday (tgif)

Circumvallate papillae

Filliform papillae

Foliate papillae

Fungiform papillae

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17
Q

Define lingual papillae

A

Surface projections (not taste buds)

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18
Q

Locations and characteristics of the filiform papillae?

A

Most numerous w/ a conical appearance

Evenly distributed over upper oral portion

Lack taste buds

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19
Q

Locations and characteristics of the fungiform papillae?

A

Relatively few

Interspersed singly among parallel rows of filiform papillae

Mushroom appearance

Taste buds present on oral surface only compared to circumvallate papillae whose taste buds are on lateral walls

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20
Q

Locations and characteristics of the foliate papillae?

A

Rudimentary in humans; well developed in lower animals

Pharyngeal portion is free of papillae, contains lingual tonsils

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21
Q

Locations and characteristics of the circumvallate papillae?

A

Along sulcus terminalis as projections surrounded by a moat (circular furrow)

Taste buds on lateral walls

Ducts of von Ebner’s glands (serous) open into the moat

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22
Q

What 2 cells are derived from taste buds?

A

S.T. - Taste Spectacullarly

Sustentacular cells

Taste cells

Derived from a single stem cell

23
Q

Describe structure of sustentacular cells

A

Spindle-shaped support cells

Arranged like barrel-staves to surround inner taste pore at the base

24
Q

Describe structure of taste cells

A

“The type of woman that you want to taste” ;) But she gives you a short taste…

Long & Slender w/ elongated central nucleus

Terminates as a short taste hair that projects into the outer taste pore

Apical microvilli w/ taste receptors

Basal portion releases NTs

Distributed b/w sustentacular cells

25
Q

How does taste sensation take into affect? (besides bitterness)

A

Via signal transductions pathways = depolarization of taste cell

26
Q

How does bitter taste come into affect? Sweet taste?

A

“Bitter and Low”

Hypopolarized state similar to retinal cell signal transduction

Sweet taste = hyperpolarized state

27
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut tube?

A

M.S.M.S&A. = Many Solo Mothers Stay Angry (Chayla!)

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis externa

Serosa and Adventitia

28
Q

Describe mucosa of the gut tube (innermost)

Epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosa

A

Stratified squamous transitioning to simple columnar

L.P. = loose areolar CT associated w/ epi.

contains glands and GALT

M.M. = 1-3 non-distinguishable smooth muscle layers

29
Q

Decribe the submucosa of the gut tube

Nerve plexus?

A

Dense, irregular CT

Vascularized

Meissner’s plexus (submucosal plexus)

30
Q

Describe the muscularis externa layer of the gut tube

Nerve plexus

Functions

A

Inner circular layer of smooth muscle

Outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

Myenteric/Auerbach’s nerve plexus b/w the two muscle tissue layers

Regulates lumen size via circular layer

Regulates rhythmic movement of GI tract via longitudinal layer

31
Q

Describe the serosa and adventitia of the gut tube

A

Serosa - dense irregular CT

Mesothlial lining & layer of submesothelial CT

Forms visceral peritoneum

Covers intraperitoneal portions of abdominal organs

Adventitia - dense irregular CT w/ adipose tissue

Covers retroperitoneal portions of digestive system

32
Q

Although serosa and adventita are both components of the outermost layer of the gut tube, what is a distinct characteristic between the two?

A

Serosa covers INTRAperitoneal portions of abdominal organs

Adventitia covers RETROperitoneal portions of the digestive system

33
Q

Where is the Meissner’s plexus located and what is its function?

A

Submucosa layer of the gut tube

Regulates local secretions, blood flow, and absorption

34
Q

Where is the Auebachs/Myenteric nerve plexus located and what is its function?

A

Muscularis externa layer of the gut tube b/w the circular and longitudinal layers

Coordinates muscular activity of gut wall (lumen size & rhythmic movement)

35
Q

Describe the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, what immunoglobulin is associated with it? What components are within the lamina propria?

A

IgA found coating the luminal surface of the mucosal epithelium

L.P. = isolated lymph follicles retrieve food Ags from M/mucosal cells (specialized squamous epi. cells)

IgA secreted by Ag-stimulated B cells in follicles

Diffuse lymphoid tissue = lymphocytes, MOs, IgA-secreting plasma cells

Aggregated lymphoid follicles = form tonsils of the oropharynx (Waldeyer’s ring) & Peyer’s patches in submucosa of ileum

36
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

Digestion

Addition of mucous to food bolus

37
Q

What structural specializations does the esophagus possess? (in 2 locations)

A

Mucosa - stratified squamous nonkeratinized epi. in lamina propria and submucosa

Muscularis externa - transitions from skeletal muscle only (upper 3rd) –> to skeletal/smooth muscle (middle 3rd) –> smooth muscle only (lower 3rd)

Frequent spot for cancer!!!

38
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

C.F.B.P. Chayla Fks Basic People

Cardia

Fundus

Body

Pylorus

39
Q

Location and characteristics of Cardia of the stomach?

A

C.F.B.P.

Most proximal region

Contains mostly mucous glands

40
Q

Characteristics and components of fundus of the stomach?

A

Contains Gastric glands

Long tubular glands extending down to muscularis mucosae

Composed of mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, stem cells, and enteroendocrine cells

41
Q

Characteristics of body of the stomach?

A

Contains Gastric glands; same as fundus

Long tubular glands extending down to muscularis mucosae

Composed of mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, stem cells, and enteroendocrine cells

42
Q

Contents of the Pylorus of the stomach?

A

Mucous glands

Hormones-secreting enteroendocrine cells

Pyloric glands - simple tubular, branched at very low end towards muscularis mucosa

43
Q

Describe the epithelium of the stomach

A

Gastric mucosa = simple columnar epi. w/ mucous columnar cells (goblet cells)

Suface mucous cells secrete a protective insoluble mucous (to avoid stomach 4rm being digested)

Contain Rugae = longitudinal mucosal folds most prominent in an empty stomach

44
Q

Describe the gastric glands and muscularis externa of the stomach

A

Glands = open into the gastric pits

Muscularis = 3 layers of smooth muscles; 3rd = inner oblique layer

45
Q

Describe the overall characteristics of gastric glands

A

Simple branched tubular glands

Narrow isthmus opens into bottom of gastric pit

Fundus/base of gland extends into lamina propria

46
Q

What are the 5 cell types of the gastric gland?

A

SCEMP

Stomachs Can Eat Multiple Parasites/People

Stem Cells - replace cells of gastric pit

Chieft Cells - secrete pepsinogen

Enteroendocrine Cells (APUD cells)

Mucous Neck Cells - secrete soluble mucous

Parietal Cells/Oxyntic Cells - HCl, Intrinsic factor

47
Q

Describe the structure and function of parietal cells of the gastric gland

A

Large, pyramidal shaped, eosinophilic cell

Produces HCl and gastric intrinsic factor

Generates H+ from CA

Prominent intracellular canaliculi lined by microvilli

Have lighter appearance than chief cells on micrograph

48
Q

What is the function of chief cells of gastric glands?

A

Secrete pepsinogen

Zymogenic cells; produce zymogen granules

Have a darker appearance than parietal cells on micrographs

49
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells of the gastric gland?

A

APUD Cells = amine precursor uptake & decarboxylation cells

Produce peptide hormones and serotonin

Small cells w/ secretory vesicles polarized toward basal surface in proximity to blood vessels

50
Q

List the major structural features that increase surface area for absorption in the GI tract (3); Three Orders of Folding

A

You da real MVP GI!

Microvilli

Villi (Crypt-Villi system)

Plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring; poles in the mucosa)

51
Q

Describe the histology of the crypt-villus system

A

Each villus has a core of lamina propria

Crypts extend down b/w villi below the bases of the villi

Crypts & villi constitute glands of small intestine

Each villus = capillary plexus, blind-eating lymphatic = lacteal

Wall of villus = simple columnar epi. w/ goblet cells

52
Q

Define plicae

A

Folds of the mucosa

Each containing a submucosal core

53
Q

Describe the fine structure of the microvilli

A

glycolipid coat = glycoprotein and glycocalyx

Bundles of actin filaments within microvillus covered by a formin cap

Supported by core of actin microfilaments

Actin filaments are tied to terminal web intermediate filaments via spectrin fibrils

Actin filaments are bound to plasma membrane covering villus via membrane-linking proteins (Myosin I and calmodulin)

Actin filaments are bound to each other via actin cross-linking proteins (Villin and fimbrin)

54
Q

Describe the glycocalyx

A

An array of brush border enzymes that are produced by small intestinal epithelial cells

Maltase

Isomaltase

Sucrase

Lactase

Lipase

Peptidase

KCUMB Histology (13 decks)

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