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KCUMB Histology > EXAM III Upper GI > Flashcards

EXAM III Upper GI Flashcards

1
Q

What type of epithelium is along the length of the upper GI and at both ends?

A

Lengthwise = Simple columnar w/ glands

Both ends = Stratified squamous

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2
Q

What type of muscle is along the length of the upper GI and at both ends?

A

Lengthwise = smooth muscle

Both ends = skeletal muscle

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3
Q

Describe the mucous membrane lining the oral cavity

A

Lined with a mucous membrane lying on a vascular FECT layer

Mucosa = stratified squamous (poorly keratinized), basement membrane, lamina propria w/ high papillae and mixed mucous glands

Dermis = rich plexus of capillaries prominent at free margin of lip

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4
Q

Altho the cheek has a similar structure to the lip, what is one exception?

A

Contain abundant elastic fibers present in submucosa continuous w/ fibers surrounding striated muscle and lamina propria = max distensibility to oral mucous membrane

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5
Q

What are the components of the oral cavity?

A

Teeth

Tongue (w/ taste buds)

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6
Q

What 3 embryonic tissues interact in the developing teeth?

A

MEN (some men have beautiful teeth)

Mesoderm

Ectoderm = forms enamel organ

Formed under influence of mesoderm & neural crest

Neural crest

M & E form dental papilla, dentin, cementum (holds tooth into alveolar/tooth socket), pulp, & surrounding CT and periodontal pulp

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7
Q

What is the dental lamina (teeth)?

A

The internal limb of the labiodental lamina that grows from the primordium into the mesenchyme bifid structure.

primordium = fromed from basal cells of oral ectoderm

bifid = (labiodental lamina) external limb splits later to form groove that separates lip and rest of mouth

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8
Q

What 3 cells are involved in the development of teeth?

A

ACO Always Cum Orally

Ameloblasts

Cementoblasts

Odontoblasts

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9
Q

Describe the histology and function of the Ameloblasts

A

Forms the enamel (only covers tooth crown)

Enamel - hardest substance in body (96% inorganic salts, 90% is CaPhosphate = apatite crystals & 4% organic matter)

Laid down in prisms, formed by a single ameloblast

Tomes’ processes = apical domains

Periods of rhythmic growth = Increment lines of Retzius

No collagen and NOT regenerated (hence cavities)

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10
Q

Describe the histology and function of the Cementoblasts

A

Sharpey’s fibers

in a bone-like calcified matrix

Deposit cementum on dentin of the root from neck to apex

Cementum = cells of dental sac that differentiate into cementoblasts which do above ^

a thin layer of bony material that fixes teeth to the jaw.

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11
Q

Describe the histology and function of Odontoblasts

A

Matrix = 20% organic bone material & Type I collagen

Forms dentin matrix thruout tooth’s life (as opposed to Ameloblasts which is not regerated)

Forms single layer of cells lining pulp cavity

Tomes’ dentinal fibers - cytoplasmic extensions of odontoblasts

Increment lines of Ebner and Owen (growth spurts)

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12
Q

What 2 organic components are unique to enamel and removed after calcification?

A

A&E Apples & Ecstasy

Amelogenins

Enamelins

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13
Q

What does the pulp consist of, where is it derived from?

A

Dental papilla via epithelial bud

Fibroblasts, MOs, peripheral odontoblasts, reticular fibers, nerve fibers, blood vessels that pass via apical foramen

Pulp = ​part in the center of a tooth made up of living connective tissue and odontoblasts

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14
Q

Describe the histology and functions of the periodontal membrane

A

Connective tissue formed from dental sac w/ fibroblasts, osteoblasts, cementoblasts, collagen fibers, blood vessels, and nerve fibers

Highly metabolic

Binds cementum to bony socket

Sharpey’s fibers extend from cementum to alveolar wall via membrane

Absorbs pressures of mastication & prevents pressure from damaging alveolar bone

Affected by diseases; diabetes & scurvy

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15
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis?

A

Separates the anterior 2/3 of upper oral portion from the posterior 1/3

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16
Q

What are the 4 kinds of lingual papillae?

A

CFFF Come Fk Friends on Friday (tgif)

Circumvallate papillae

Filliform papillae

Foliate papillae

Fungiform papillae

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17
Q

Define lingual papillae

A

Surface projections (not taste buds)

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18
Q

Locations and characteristics of the filiform papillae?

A

Most numerous w/ a conical appearance

Evenly distributed over upper oral portion

Lack taste buds

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19
Q

Locations and characteristics of the fungiform papillae?

A

Relatively few

Interspersed singly among parallel rows of filiform papillae

Mushroom appearance

Taste buds present on oral surface only compared to circumvallate papillae whose taste buds are on lateral walls

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20
Q

Locations and characteristics of the foliate papillae?

A

Rudimentary in humans; well developed in lower animals

Pharyngeal portion is free of papillae, contains lingual tonsils

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21
Q

Locations and characteristics of the circumvallate papillae?

A

Along sulcus terminalis as projections surrounded by a moat (circular furrow)

Taste buds on lateral walls

Ducts of von Ebner’s glands (serous) open into the moat

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22
Q

What 2 cells are derived from taste buds?

A

S.T. - Taste Spectacullarly

Sustentacular cells

Taste cells

Derived from a single stem cell

23
Q

Describe structure of sustentacular cells

A

Spindle-shaped support cells

Arranged like barrel-staves to surround inner taste pore at the base

24
Q

Describe structure of taste cells

A

“The type of woman that you want to taste” ;) But she gives you a short taste…

Long & Slender w/ elongated central nucleus

Terminates as a short taste hair that projects into the outer taste pore

Apical microvilli w/ taste receptors

Basal portion releases NTs

Distributed b/w sustentacular cells

25
How does taste sensation take into affect? (besides bitterness)
**Via signal transductions pathways = depolarization of taste cell**
26
How does bitter taste come into affect? Sweet taste?
"Bitter and Low" **Hypopolarized state** similar to retinal cell signal transduction **Sweet taste = hyperpolarized state**
27
What are the 4 layers of the gut tube?
M.S.M.S&A. = **M**any **S**olo **M**others **S**tay **A**ngry (Chayla!) ## Footnote **Mucosa** **Submucosa** **Muscularis externa** **Serosa and Adventitia**
28
Describe mucosa of the gut tube (innermost) Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosa
**Stratified squamous transitioning to simple columnar** L.P. = **loose areolar CT associated w/ epi.** **contains glands and GALT** M.M. = **1-3 non-distinguishable smooth muscle layers**
29
Decribe the submucosa of the gut tube Nerve plexus?
**Dense, irregular CT** **Vascularized** **Meissner's plexus** (submucosal plexus)
30
Describe the muscularis externa layer of the gut tube Nerve plexus Functions
**Inner circular layer of smooth muscle** **Outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle** **_Myenteric/Auerbach's_ nerve plexus b/w the two muscle tissue layers** **_Regulates lumen size_ via circular layer** **_Regulates rhythmic movement_ of GI tract via longitudinal layer**
31
Describe the serosa and adventitia of the gut tube
Serosa - **dense irregular CT** **Mesothlial lining & layer of submesothelial CT** **Forms visceral peritoneum** **_Covers intraperitoneal portions of abdominal organs_** Adventitia - **dense irregular CT w/ adipose tissue** **_Covers retroperitoneal portions of digestive system_**
32
Although serosa and adventita are both components of the outermost layer of the gut tube, what is a distinct characteristic between the two?
**Serosa covers **_INTRA_**peritoneal portions of abdominal organs** **Adventitia covers** ****_RETRO_**peritoneal portions of the digestive system**
33
Where is the Meissner's plexus located and what is its function?
**Submucosa layer of the gut tube** **Regulates local secretions, blood flow, and absorption**
34
Where is the Auebachs/Myenteric nerve plexus located and what is its function?
**Muscularis externa** layer of the gut tube b/w the circular and longitudinal layers **Coordinates muscular activity of gut wall (lumen size & rhythmic movement)**
35
Describe the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, what immunoglobulin is associated with it? What components are within the lamina propria?
**_IgA_ found coating the luminal surface of the mucosal epithelium** L.P. = isolated lymph follicles retrieve food Ags from **M/mucosal cells** (specialized squamous epi. cells) IgA secreted by Ag-stimulated B cells in follicles **Diffuse lymphoid tissue** = lymphocytes, MOs, IgA-secreting plasma cells **Aggregated lymphoid follicles** = form tonsils of the oropharynx (Waldeyer's ring) & Peyer's patches in submucosa of ileum
36
What is the function of the esophagus?
**Digestion** **Addition of mucous to food bolus**
37
What structural specializations does the esophagus possess? (in 2 locations)
**Mucosa -** stratified squamous nonkeratinized epi. in lamina propria and submucosa **Muscularis externa -** transitions from **skeletal muscle only** (upper 3rd) **--\> to skeletal/smooth muscle** (middle 3rd) --\> **smooth muscle** **only** (lower 3rd) **Frequent spot for cancer!!!**
38
What are the 4 regions of the stomach?
C.F.B.P. Chayla Fks Basic People ## Footnote **Cardia** **Fundus** **Body** **Pylorus**
39
Location and characteristics of Cardia of the stomach?
C.F.B.P. Most proximal region Contains mostly **mucous glands**
40
Characteristics and components of fundus of the stomach?
**Contains Gastric glands** **Long tubular glands extending down to muscularis mucosae** **Composed of mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, stem cells, and enteroendocrine cells**
41
Characteristics of body of the stomach?
**Contains _Gastric glands_;** same as fundus ## Footnote **Long tubular glands extending down to muscularis mucosae** **Composed of mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, stem cells, and enteroendocrine cells**
42
Contents of the Pylorus of the stomach?
**Mucous glands** **Hormones-secreting enteroendocrine cells** Pyloric glands - simple tubular, branched at very low end towards muscularis mucosa
43
Describe the epithelium of the stomach
Gastric mucosa = **simple columnar epi. w/ mucous columnar cells** (goblet cells) **Suface mucous cells secrete a protective insoluble mucous** (to avoid stomach 4rm being digested) Contain **Rugae = longitudinal mucosal folds most prominent in an empty stomach**
44
Describe the gastric glands and muscularis externa of the stomach
Glands = **open into the gastric pits** Muscularis = **3 layers of smooth muscles; 3rd = inner oblique layer**
45
Describe the overall characteristics of gastric glands
**Simple branched tubular glands** Narrow isthmus opens into bottom of gastric pit Fundus/base of gland extends into lamina propria
46
What are the 5 cell types of the gastric gland?
SCEMP **S**tomachs **C**an **E**at **M**ultiple **P**arasites/People **Stem Cells** - replace cells of gastric pit **Chieft Cells -** secrete pepsinogen **Enteroendocrine Cells (APUD cells)** **Mucous Neck Cells -** secrete soluble mucous **Parietal Cells/Oxyntic Cells -** HCl, Intrinsic factor
47
Describe the structure and function of parietal cells of the gastric gland
Large, pyramidal shaped, eosinophilic cell **Produces HCl and gastric intrinsic factor** **Generates H+ from CA** Prominent intracellular canaliculi lined by microvilli **Have lighter appearance than chief cells on micrograph**
48
What is the function of chief cells of gastric glands?
**Secrete pepsinogen** Zymogenic cells; produce zymogen granules **Have a darker appearance than parietal cells on micrographs**
49
What is the function of enteroendocrine cells of the gastric gland?
APUD Cells = amine precursor uptake & decarboxylation cells **Produce peptide hormones and serotonin** Small cells w/ secretory vesicles polarized toward basal surface in proximity to blood vessels
50
List the major structural features that increase surface area for absorption in the GI tract (3); Three Orders of Folding
You da real **MVP** GI! **Microvilli** **Villi (Crypt-Villi system)** **Plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring;** poles in the mucosa**)**
51
Describe the histology of the crypt-villus system
Each villus has a core of **lamina propria** Crypts extend down b/w villi below the bases of the villi Crypts & villi constitute glands of small intestine Each villus = **capillary plexus**, **blind-eating lymphatic = lacteal** Wall of villus = **simple columnar epi. w/ goblet cells**
52
Define plicae
Folds of the mucosa Each containing a submucosal core
53
Describe the fine structure of the microvilli
**_glycolipid coat_ = glycoprotein and glycocalyx** Bundles of actin filaments within microvillus covered by a formin cap Supported by core of actin microfilaments Actin filaments are tied to terminal web intermediate filaments via **spectrin fibrils** Actin filaments are bound to plasma membrane covering villus via **membrane-linking proteins (Myosin I and calmodulin)** Actin filaments are bound to each other via **actin cross-linking proteins (Villin and fimbrin)**
54
Describe the glycocalyx
An array of brush border enzymes that are produced by small intestinal epithelial cells **Maltase** **Isomaltase** **Sucrase** **Lactase** **Lipase** **Peptidase**

KCUMB Histology (13 decks)

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