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KCUMB Histology > Clicker Qs & Last Min. Material > Flashcards

Clicker Qs & Last Min. Material Flashcards

1
Q

What major tissue group do ducts of glands belong to?

A
  • Epithelial
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2
Q

What major tissue group does skin belong to?

A
  • Epithelial and CT
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3
Q

What major tissue group does lining of blood and lymphatic vessels belong to?

A

Epithelium

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4
Q

What major tissue group does fat belong to?

A

CT

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5
Q

What major tissue group do red and white blood cells belong to?

A

CT

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6
Q

What major tissue group do kidney tubules belong to?

A

Epithelium

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7
Q

What major tissue group does cartilage belong to?

A

CT

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8
Q

What major tissue group do tendon and ligaments belong to?

A

CT

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9
Q
  • Phase Contrast Microscope uses:
  • Fluorescence Microscope uses:
  • Confocal Scanning uses:
  • TEM uses:
A
  • living cells, unstained cells & tissues
  • Detect induced flourescence; UV (Ag/Ab)
  • 3D Images
  • Beam of electrons
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10
Q

Major steps for tissue fixation (4) For Dehydrating Overton, Erin!

A
  1. Fixing
  2. Dehydration
  3. OH Removal
  4. Embedding
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11
Q

What is H&E stain and what do they display

A
  • Display structural features
  • Hematoxylin = base; stains nucleus, RER, etc. purple color
  • Eosin = acid; stains cytoplasmic material pink
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12
Q

What type of dye is Toluidine blue and how does it work?

A
  • Basic Dye
  • Binds to basophilic material
  • Binds DNA and RNA
  • Binds anionic groups (Phosphate, Sulfate, Carbonyl)
  • Nature depends upon pH; low pH binds all groups
  • Metachromasia dye - changes color after reacting w/ tissue component i.e. cartilage ground substance, mast cell granules
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13
Q

How do acidic dyes work?

A
  • Forms electrostatic linkages with cationic groups; amino groups of proteins
  • Ex: Aniline blue, Orange G, Mallory’s triple stain
  • Reacts with acidophilic tissue components
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14
Q

An example of a Schiff reagent reaction is? What components do they react with?

A
  • PAS (Periodic acid-Schiff reaction)
  • A Histochemical staining technique
  • Forms aldehyde groups = deep pink color (cleaves Cs of carbs)
  • Proteoglycans, Glycogen, Glycosaminoglycans, Glycoproteins, Glycolipids
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15
Q

What is immunocytochemical staining used?

A
  • Study the presence of Ag via monoclonal Antibodies
  • Via direct labeling (Ab are conjugated w/ fluorescent dye to make visible marker) or indirect labeling (marker attached to 2nd Ab specific to another Ab that is used to locate the Ag of interest; secondary usually used from an animal)
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16
Q

What components are in the basal lamina?

A
  • Type IV Collagen
  • Glycoproteins = PAS+
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17
Q

What does the reticular lamina consist of?

A
  • Reticular fibers
  • Glycoproteins
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18
Q

3 Functions of BM

A
  • Filtration barrier
  • Tissue shape stabilization
  • Embryogenesis and regeneration
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19
Q

What are the 3 surface modifications of epithelium?

A
  1. Cilia
  2. Stereocilia
  3. Microvilli/brush border
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20
Q

Locations of simple squamous epithelium

A
  • Lumina = tubular, vessels, ducts
  • Walls = kidney, lungs and ear (Bowman’s, alveoli, labyrinth and tympanic membrane)
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21
Q

Locations of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A
  • Ducts and Glands D&G
  • Lens and retina
  • Bronchioles
  • Kidney tubules
  • Ovary
  • Choroid plexus
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22
Q

Locations of Simple Columnar Epithelium

A
  • Microvilli = intestine
  • Ciliated = Upper resp. tract, uterine tubes, uterus, sinus, spinal cord
  • Nonciliated = digestive tract, gall bladder, excretory ducts
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23
Q

Locations of Stratified Squamous

A
  • Heavily Keratinized - skin (epidermis), cornea
  • Lightly/Non Keratinized - Vagina, mouth, epiglottis
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24
Q

Locations of Stratified Cuboidal

A
  • Seldom!!
  • Male urethra
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25
Q

Locations of Stratified Columnar

A
  • Rare - Male reproductive & urinary tract
  • Pharynx
  • Epiglottis
  • Sweat glands
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26
Q

Simple, non-ciliated columnar epithelium is most likely to be found associated with which of the following?

  • Urinary tract
  • Digestive tract
  • Respiratory tract
  • Integument
A

Digestive tract

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27
Q

Junctional complexes are associated with which cellular domains?

  • Apical
  • Basolateral
  • Basal only
  • Lateral only
A

Basolateral

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28
Q

Although not common, stratified cuboidal epithelium may be found in which of the following areas?

  • Vaginal epithelium
  • Part of male urethra
  • Urinary bladder
  • Kidney tubules
A

Part of male urethra

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29
Q

Lightly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is characteristic of which of the following locations?

  • Vaginal epithelium
  • Part of male urethra
  • Urinary bladder
  • Kidney tubules
A

Vaginal epithelium

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30
Q

Function of Adherins

A
  • Adhere (anchor) cells together; maintain physical integrity
  • Found on basolateral surface
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31
Q

Function of Occludens

A

Occlude/block paracellular transport

Maintains [differences]

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32
Q

Function of gap junctions

A
  • Allow ion and small molecule exchange
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33
Q

Types of adherins? (2)

A
  1. Zona Adherin = actin (desmogleins and desmocollins)
  2. Macula Adherin = Intermediate filaments/tonofilaments
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34
Q

Type of Occluden

A
  • Zonula Occluden (tight junction)
  • Belt-like
  • Associated with ZO proteins, JAMs, Nectin
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35
Q

Types of Gap Junctions (2)

A
  1. Zonula - belt-like = intracellular actin
  2. Macula = spot/snap-like
    1. Desmo/Hemidesmosomes = intracellular intermediate filaments/tonofilaments
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36
Q

What is Pemphigus foliaceus involved with?

A

An autoantibody created against either Desmogleins 1&2 in epidermis - skin easily sloughed off

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37
Q

The basal lamina is associated with which of collagen?

  • Type I
  • Type II
  • Type IV
  • Type VII
A

Type IV

38
Q

Which of the following types of cell adhesion molecules is associated with Zona Occludens and desmosomes?

  • Cadherines
  • Integrins
  • Selectins
  • Ig Superfamily
A

Cadherins

39
Q

Desmocollins and desomgleins belong to which of the following groups of CAMs?

  • Cadherins
  • Integrins
  • Selectins
  • Ig Superfamily
A

Cadherins

40
Q

Which of the following serves as a major interface between the cadherins that hold adjacent cells together and their actin cytoskeleton?

  • Proteoglycans
  • Catenins
  • Laminins
  • Keratins
A

Catenins

41
Q

The ECM domain of which of the following bind to molecules in the ECM such as fibronectin and laminin?

  • Cadherins
  • Integrins
  • Selectins
  • Ig Superfamily
A

Integrins

42
Q

Which of the following are molecular complexes that anchor cells together and reinforce the physical integrity of tissues and the cells that make up the tissues?

  • Zonula adherins
  • Zonula occludens
  • Hemidesmosomes
  • Connexons
A

Zonula adherins

43
Q

Which of the following are molecule complexes that primarily serve to prevent paracellular tranposrt?

  • Zonula adherins
  • Zonula occludens
  • Hemidesmosomes
  • Connexons
A

Zonula occludens

44
Q

Components of Microvilli

A

Actin crossed link by villin and fimbrin

45
Q

Function of Formin

A

Caps distal end of intermediate filament and regulates assembly at barbed end

46
Q

Cilia Structure

A

9 peripheral doublets and central pair of microtubules

Each doublet has an alpha and beta tubule containing protofilaments

47
Q

Which cytoskeletal components partake in treadmilling?

A
  • Microtubules and actin microfilaments
48
Q

What are the 3 cytoskeleton components?

A
  1. Actin Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
49
Q

Which cytoskeletal component displays polarity?

A

Actin microfilament

Actin monomers are oriented in the same direction

50
Q

What are Cytochalasins?

A

Drugs that binds to barbed ends of microfilaments

Blocks elongation and can inhibit cellular movements

51
Q

What is thymosin?

A

Captures actin monomers and prevents actin monomer polymerization

52
Q

Function of Arp 2/3

A

Initiates F-actin growth from the existing filament = branching

53
Q

Colchincines function

A

Inhibit microtubule polymerization

54
Q

Taxol function

A

Stabilize microtubules by preventing depolymerization

55
Q

Functions of the Cytoskeleton (7)

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Support and Strength
  3. Cytokinesis
  4. Mitotic spindle formation
  5. Cell movement
  6. Cell/Cell and Cell/matrix adherence
  7. Changes to cell shape
56
Q

Myosin I (# heads, tail, head, direction)

Cargo movement

A
  • 1 head
  • Head binds to Actin
  • Tail binds to cell membrane
  • Towards barbed end
57
Q

Myosin II (# heads, head, tail, direction)

A
  • 2 heads
  • Head binds to Actin
  • Tail binds to Myosin II
  • Moves towards barbed end
  • Contraction; movement
58
Q

Kinesin (# heads, head, tail, movement)

A
  • Two Heads
  • Head binds to Vesicle
  • Tail binds to Microtubule
  • Moves towards Plus end
  • Vesicle transport
59
Q

Cytoplasmic dynein (# heads, head, tail, movement)

A
  • Two heads
  • Head binds to Vesicle
  • Tail binds to Microtubule
  • Moves towards Minus end
  • Cargo movement
60
Q

Types of exocrine glands (6)

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Liver
  3. Sebaceous
  4. Mammary
  5. Sweat
  6. Salivary
61
Q

Endocrine gland examples (8)

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Liver
  3. Gonads
  4. Adrenals
  5. Pituitary
  6. Thyroid
  7. Pineal
  8. Parathyroids
62
Q

Endocrine glands secrete and lack what structure:

A

Hormones directly into the blood

Lack ducts

63
Q

3 ways glands are classified as:

A
  1. Number of cells comprising the gland
  2. Absence/Presence of ductal branching
  3. Shape of secretory portion
64
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Secretory product is released via exocytosis/endocytosis cycle (cell is not damaged)

Most glands

65
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Apical cytoplasm is released with the secretory product

Ex: axillary sweat glands

66
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A

Entire cell is released with secretory product

High mitotic activity required to restore lost cells

Ex: Sebaceous glands

67
Q

Intralobular ducts (2 types)

A

Located within a lobule

2 types: Intercalated ducts = drain secretory acini (simple squamous) - bicarbonate/Cl- ion exchange

Striated duct = reabsorb Na+ ions, Cl- and secrete K+

68
Q

Interlobular ducts

A

Found between lobules (formed by multiple striated ducts)

69
Q

Parenchyma

A

Parts of glands derived from epithelium

70
Q

Stroma

A

CT surrounding entire gland and separating the lobules and lobes

71
Q

Lobes and lobules are divided into subdivisions via:

A

Septa (trabeculae)

72
Q

Major difference between CT and epithelial cells

A

Few cells; mainy contain matrix with protein fibers

73
Q

Types of adult CT

A
  1. Elastic
  2. Reticular
  3. Loose
  4. Dense
74
Q

Special type of CT

A
  1. Adipose
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Hematopoietic
75
Q

Which type of adult CT predominately contain collagen fibers?

A

Dense CT

76
Q

Which adult CT predominately contain reticular fibers?

A

Reticular CT

77
Q

Which CT predominately contains Elastic fibers

A

Elastic CT

78
Q

Which CT contains both collagen and elastic fibers

A

Loose CT

79
Q

Where is Wharton’s jelly found?

A

umbilical cord and pulp of developing teeth; contain some collagen and EF but mostly extracellular matrix

80
Q

Types of cells in loose/areolar CT

A

Fibroblasts, mast cells, MO and capillaries

81
Q

Where are dense regular CT found?

A

Tendons and ligaments

82
Q

Where are loose/areolar CT found

A

Beneath epithelial tissues of most ogans and tunica adventitia of blood vessels

83
Q

Where is dense irregular CT found

A

Fascia, submucosa of GI tracts and dermis of integument

84
Q

One unique characteristic of elastic fibers

A

In the walls of blood vessels, elastic fibers are produced by smooth muscle cells rather than fibroblasts

85
Q

Reticular and Dense CT are both

A

A type of dense irregular CT

86
Q

Brown fat characteristics

A
  • Multilocular
  • More cytoplasm
  • Abundant mitochondria = brown color
87
Q

Mesenchymal cells can differentiate into:

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • White adipose tissue
  • Brown adipose tissue
88
Q

The cleavage of the non-helical terminal ends of pro-collagen converting it into tropocollagen occurs where?

In the RER prior to enclosure into secretory vesicles

In the cytoplasm prior to secretion

Immediately after secretion

After the tropocollagen has been polyermized into colalgen fibrils but before the fibrils have been assembled into fibers

After the collagen fibers have been assembled into fibers

A

Immediately after secretion

89
Q

What are the principle cells found in the CT?

A

Fibroblasts and fibrocytes

90
Q

What are the resident cells?

A

MO

Mast cells

Plasma cells

91
Q

What are mast cells stained with

A

Toluidine blue; contain large metachromatic granules w/ histamine

92
Q
A

KCUMB Histology (13 decks)

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