Exam II Practice Questions Flashcards
1
Q
The toxic agent MOST likely to produce degeneration of peripheral neurons is
A
arsanilic acid
2
Q
Deferoxamine is the chelating agent of choice for
A
iron
3
Q
Enlarged yellow liver, enlarged friable and hemorrhagic kidneys, enlarged black spleen, and red wine-colored urine are lesions MOST likely associated with
A
chronic copper toxicosis
4
Q
Reduced cytochrome oxidase in cattle can be used as a diagnostic test in toxicosis with
A
Molybdenum
5
Q
Chronic diarrhea, depigmentation, emaciation and lameness in cattle suggest toxicosis with
A
Molybdenum
6
Q
Clinical signs of subacute selenium toxicosis in pigs are generally similar to toxicosis with
A
Arsanilic acid
7
Q
Swine consuming feed containing high (10 ppm) levels of selenium over several weeks are likely to show clinical signs that would be very similar to which disease?
A
Arsanilic acid toxicosis
8
Q
Poisoning by ingestion of seleniferous plants can be seen in the following states EXCEPT:
a. South Dakota
b. North Dakota
c. Wyoming
d. Florida
e. Montana
A
Florida
9
Q
Poisoning by ingestion of seleniferous plants can be seen in the following states EXCEPT:
a. South Dakota
b. North Dakota
c. Montana
d. Wyoming
e. New York
A
New York
10
Q
Which of the following is NOT effective in the treatment or prevention of chronic selenium toxicosis?
a. the addition of copper to diet
b. the addition of organic arsenicals to the diet
c. intramuscular injection of BAL
d. Increasing the dietary level of sulfur-containing proteins
A
c. intramuscular injection of BAL
11
Q
Inhibition of lipoic acid which results in inhibition of citric acid cycle is the mechanism of action of
A
trivalent arsenic
12
Q
Which of the following metal toxicoses causes inhibition of the activity of several enzymes in heme synthesis?:
a. iron
b. zinc
c. inorganic arsenic
d. lead
A
Lead
13
Q
Which of the following is LEAST likely a clinical sign of chronic copper toxicosis in sheep?:
a. GI signs
b. jaundice
c. hemoglobinuria
d. methemoglobinemia
e. hemolysis
A
a. GI signs
14
Q
The presence of an odor of rotten garlic in a fresh carcass is suggestive of acute toxicosis with
A
Selenium
15
Q
A dog showing gastrointestinal signs followed by a phase of apparent recovery, which deteriorates into multiorgan failure is MOST likely poisoned with oral
A
Iron
16
Q
The metal toxicosis LEAST likely to cause signs of gastroenteritis is:
a. lead
b. zinc
c. inorganic arsenic
d. organic arsenic feed additives
e. iron
A
d. organic arsenic feed additives
* TREATS enteric (GI) diseases!*
17
Q
Lameness, hoof abnormalities, emaciation, and loss of hair in cattle MOST likely suggest toxicosis with
A
chronic selenium
18
Q
Methylene blue IV is the antidotal treatment for
A
Copper, Nitrate (and Nitrogen Oxide gases)
19
Q
The MOST appropriate treatment for nitrate poisoning is
A
Methylene Blue IV
20
Q
Clinical signs in cows suffering from milk fever (hypocalcemia) are MOST similar to poisoning with which of the following toxicants in sheep?:
a. fluoride
b. soluble oxalate
c. cyanide
d. nitrate
e. urea
A
Soluble oxalate
- fluoride – gasteroenteritis, hemorrhagic, CNS stimulation, death from respiratory and cardiac failure, bony exostoses, spontaneous fractures
b. soluble oxalate – colic, muscles twitching, rapid breathing, blood tinged froth around the mouth, similar to milk fever
c. cyanide – MM bright red and blood is cherry red,
d. nitrate – sudden death with no signs, abortion, seizures
e. urea - Restlessness. Aggression, Muscle tremors, Colic, Bloat, Usually NO diarrhea
21
Q
Ingestion of plants that have been sprayed with the recommended levels of 2,4-D herbicides may cause poisoning in livestock MAINLY because:
a. recommended levels of 2,4-D herbicides usually cause poisoning in livestock
b. conversion of 2,4-D herbicides to more toxic metabolites
c. accumulation of toxic levels of soluble oxalates by the plant
d. accumulation of toxic levels of nitrate by the plant
e. direct inhibition of the satiety center resulting in increasing ingestion of toxic levels of the 2,4-D herbicide
A
accumulation of toxic levels of nitrate by the plant
22
Q
Ingestion of kerosene is MOST likely to cause:
a. posterior paralysis
b. severe CNS depression
c. hemolysis and methemoglobinemia
d. severe aspiration pneumonia
e. bone abnormalities and osteoporosis
A
severe aspiration pneumonia
23
Q
Chronic fluoride poisoning in cattle causes:
a. diarrhea, pale hair coat, lameness and hoof overgrowth
b. icterus, hemoglobinuria, and photosensitization
c. emaciation, hair loss, and lameness
d. rumen stasis, nephrosis, and constipation
e. lameness, exostoses, and excessive dental wear
A
lameness, exostoses, and excessive dental wear
24
Q
The specimen of choice to confirm a diagnosis of chronic fluoride poisoning in a live animal is:
a. feed
b. water
c. urine
d. bone
e. GI contents
A
Bone
25
Soluble oxalate poisoning is often associated with which plant:
## Footnote
a. Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
b. Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus)
c. milkweed (Asclepias carassavia)
d. castor bean (Ricinus communis)
Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus)
26
A selenium indicator plant which is grown widely in the west is:
## Footnote
a. larkspur (Delphenium spp.)
b. greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus)
c. prince's plume (Stanlyea spp.)
d. halogeton (Halogeton spp.)
e. wild cherry (Prunus spp.)
Prince's Plume (*Stanleya spp.*)
27
Dogs poisoned by ingesting large amount of chocolate will be expected to show which of the following clinical signs?
## Footnote
a. Posterior paralysis and constipation
b. CNS depression, skin rashes, and oliguria
c. bleeding, vomiting, dehydration and shock
d. convulsions, tremors, tachycardia, and urination
e. reddening of the skin, alopecia, and lameness
convulsions, tremors, tachycardia, and urination
28
Cyanide and hydrogen sulfide both:
a. are plant related toxicants
b. react with other metals to form black or dark colored compounds in the GI tract and may stain the tissues
c. cause sudden death mainly due to preventing tissue oxygen utilization
d. are free of irritant effects to mucous membranes
e. can cause tolerance in animlas to their characteristic odors
cause sudden death mainly due to preventing tissue oxygen utilization
29
Which of the following statements concerning hydrogen sulfide and cyanide is TRUE?
## Footnote
a. They are plant related toxicants
b. They react with metals to form black or dark colored compounds in the GI tract
c. They are free of irritant effect
d. Sodium nitrite IV is useful in their treatment
Sodium nitrite IV is useful in their treatment
30
The specimen of choice for nitrate poisoning in an animal that has been dead for several hours is
ocular fluid
31
Which of the following is LEAST effective in the treatment of poisoning by cyanogenic plants?
a. sodium nitrite IV
b. sodium thiosulfate IV
c. vinegar in cold water orally
d. activated charcoal orally
e. mineral oil orally
activated charcoal orally
32
A toxicant that causes very rapid death, has a characteristic odor (almonds), and causes bright red mucous membranes and cherry red blood is
a. carbon monoxide
b. hydrogen sulfide
c. nitrate
d. urea
e. cyanide
Cyanide
(Carbon monoxide also causes cherry red mm and blood, but it is odorless!)
33
Late clinical signs of ethylene glycol poisoning are PRIMARILY related to
a. CNS depression
b. cardiovascular depression
c. acute renal failure
d. hepatic failure
e. peripheral neurotoxicity
acute renal failure
34
Acute renal failure as a result of ethylene glycol toxicosis usually occurs how long after ingestion in the dog?
## Footnote
a. 1-6 hours after ingestion
b. 6-12 hours after ingestion
c. 12-24 hours after ingestion
d. 24-72 hours after ingestion
24-72 hours after ingestion
35
Which of the following serum parameters is LEAST likely to be elevated in urea toxicosis?
a. ammonia
b. blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
c. glucsose
d. pH
e. transaminases (ALT, AST)
pH
[rumen pH is increased (basic), but *serum* pH is decreased (acidic)]
36
Toxicity of a new chemical is 3 mg/kg to lambs. if lambs eat 6% of their body weight, what will be the concentration of this chemical in ppm in feed for a lamb weighing 11 pounds?
a. 1 ppm
b. 5 ppm
c. 15 ppm
d. 50 ppm
e. 500 ppm
50 ppm
11 lbs = 5 kg
3 mg x 5 kgs = 15 mgs (toxic dose)
6% of 5 kg = 0.3 kg (so you need 15 mgs in 0.3 kgs of feed to be toxic)
15 mg/ 0.3 kg = **50 mg/kg = 50 ppm**
*Remember: mg/kg = ppm!*
37
You wish to prepare chlorhexidine disinfectant solution at 150 ppm. How much approximately do you need from chlorhexidine disinfectant solution 2% to add it to water to make 1 gallon of 150 ppm chlorhexidine solution?
## Footnote
a. 0.25 fluid ounce
b. 0.5 fluid ounce
c. 1 fluid ounce
d. 2 fluid ounces
e. 4 fluid ounces
1 fluid ounce
[Stock (ppm)x(vol)] / [Wanted (ppm)x(vol)] = 1
1% = 10,000 ppm. 1 gallon = 128 oz
20,000(vol)/150(128) = 1
20,000(vol)/19,200 = 1
20,000 (**1.04 oz)** /19,200 = 1
38
Fomepizole (4-methyl pyrazole) is recommended as an antidote for both ethylene glycol and propylene glycol poisonings in dogs.
a. True
b. False
FALSE
39
Fomepizole (4-methyl pyrazole) is used in the treatment of ethylene glycol in dogs and cats by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase and is most effective within 3 hours from ingestion of ethylene glycol.
## Footnote
a. True
b. False
FALSE
40
* Fomepizole (4-methyl pyrazole) is used as an antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs, but is not recommended in cats because of its toxicity.
a. True
b. False
FALSE
41
Which of the following statements about fomepizole (4-methyl pyrazole) is **LEAST** accurate?
a. It is a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase
b. It is used as an antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs and cats
c. It inhibits formation of toxic metabolites
d. It is most effective within 3 hours of ethylene glycol ingestion
It is used as an antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs and cats
42
Petroleum products of low boiling points, low viscosity, and low surface tension generally have more pneumotoxic potential.
a. True
b. False
TRUE
43
. Antidotal (specific) treatment of inorganic arsenic toxicosis is
a. sodium thiosulfate orally
b. BAL (dimercaprol) IM
c. apomorphine SC
d. sodium sulfate orally
e. aceylcysteine
BAL (dimercaprol) IM
44
Which of the following toxicoses in swine is generally similar to vitamin B complex deficiency?
a. lead
b. zinc
c. inorganic arsenic
d. organic arsenic
e. iron
organic arsenic (arsanilic acid and roxarsone)
45
The drug of choice for the treatment of acute anaphylactic shock due to iron toxicosis in piglets is
a. isoproterenol
b. diphenyhdramine
c. promehtazine
d. epinephrine
e. deferoxamine
epinephrine
46
The plant that commonly causes cyanide poisoning is:
## Footnote
a. larkspur (Delphenium spp.)
b. greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus)
c. prince's plume (Stanlyea spp.)
d. halogeton (Halogeton spp.)
e. wild cherry (Prunus spp.)
prince's plume (Stanlyea spp.)
*also a Se-indicator plant*
47
Which of the following metals is MOST likely to cross the blood-brain barrier?
a. iron
b. zinc
c. inorganic arsenic
d. organic arsenic
e. lead
lead
48
D-penicillamine is the chelating agent of choice for
a. arsenic
b. copper
c. iorn
d. molybdenum
e. all of the above
Copper
49
Poisoning by which of the following toxicants is LEAST likely to cause convulsive seizures in cattle?
a. lead
b. urea
c. chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides
d. nicotine
e. chronic selenium
chronic selenium
50
Chronic selenium in horses MAINLY causes
a. hemolytic anemia
b. peripheral neurontoxicity
c. brain damage and signs of mania
d. hoof abnormalities and loss of hair
e. abnormal bone and teeth
hoof abnormalities and loss of hair
51
A dog was brought to the veterinary hospital showing the following signs: miosis, execessive salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, urination, muscle fasciculation, seizures, and severe difficulty in breathing. The first procedure that should be instituted is
a. administration of atropine
b. administration of 2-PAM
c. IV fluid therapy
d. administration activated charcoal
e. artificial respiration
artificial respiration
52
Urea toxicosis in cattle is a common disease that is due to hydrolysis of urea to release ammonia which inhibits citric acid cycle resulting in CNS stimulation signs and muscle tremors that usually take several hours to develop.
a. True
b. False
FALSE!
Acute onset, not several hours
53
Which of the following about clinical signs of urea toxicosis is **LEAST** accurate?
a. slow onset of clinical signs (24-48 hours)
b. nausea and salivation
c. muscle tremors and convulsive seizures
d. urination
a. slow onset of clinical signs (24-48 hours)
54
A negative ethylene glycol test in cats does not mean that the cat has not been exposed to a toxic level of ethylene glycol.
a. True
b. False
True
55
All of the following factors increase urea toxicity EXCEPT
a. fasting
b. alkaline rumen pH
c. dehydration
d. high energy diet
e. hepatic insufficiency
d. high energy diet
56
The MOST sensitive species to ethylene glycol poisoning is
a. dogs
b. cats
c. swine
d. poultry
cats
57
Which of the following is LEAST likely a clinicopathologic change in ethylene glycol poisoning?
a. hypercreatinemia
b. hyperphosphatemia
c. hyperkalemia
d. systemic alkalosis
e. high blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
systemic alkalosis
58
The recommended chelating agent for lead toxicosis in pet birds is
a. calcium disodium EDTA
b. BAL (dimercarpol)
c. d-penicillamine
d. dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer)
e. deferoxamine
dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer)
59
All of the following *decrease* GI absorption of lead EXCEPT
a. zinc
b. protein
c. acidity
d. calcium
acidity
60
What is the sample of choice for detection of lead to submit to a laboratory to help confirm toxicosis in a puppy?
a. vomitus
b. serum
c. urine
d. whole blood
e. toe nails
whole blood
61
Ethylene glycol poisoning usually decreases the anionic gap about four times the normal level.
a. True
b. False
False -increases it!
62
The most common source of lead toxicosis in small animals is lead-based paints.
a. True
b. False
TRUE
63
Which of the following is **LEAST** likely a source of lead toxicosis in cattle in USA?
a. insecticide
b. storage batteries
c. contaminated pasture
d. paint
insecticide
64
Activated charcoal is LEAST likely to be an effective adsorbent to
a. insecticides
b. alkaloids
c. bacterial toxins
d. glycosides
e. cyanide
Cyanide
65
What is the combination of blood chemistry that **BEST** characterizes urea (NPN) toxicosis in ruminants?
a. acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated BUN
b. acidosis, hypoglycemia, normal BUN, and hypokalemia
c. alkalosis, elevated BUN, hypokalemia, and hypoglycemia
d. alkalosis, normal BUN, hyperglycemia, and hyperkalemia
acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated BUN
66
Which of the following conditions is **LEAST** likely to elevate rumen pH?
a. fasting
b. protein overload such as soybean
c. grain overload
d. urea toxicosis
grain overload
67
In addition to antidotal treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning, which of the following is also important?
a. potassium
b. ammonium chloride
c. aspirin
d. sodium bicarbonate
sodium bicarbonate
68
Selenium deficiency causes the following diseases EXCEPT
a. white muscle disease in lambs
b. hepatosis dietetica in youn pigs
c. exudative diathesis in chicks
d. nutritional pancreatic atrophy in chickens
e. blind staggers in cattle
blind staggers in cattle (caused by TOO MUCH selenium!)
69
You are asked by a cattle farmer to examine his cows because two cows have suddenly died. He tells you that other cows developed signs of weakness followed by increased heart and respiratory rates, staggering gait and recumbency within 4-6 hours of consumption of forage. On clinical examination, the mucous membranes expecially the vaginal mucous membranes revealed a brownish discoloration. These cows are MOST likely poisoned with:
a. cyanide
b. nitrate
c. soluble oxalates
d. insoluble oxalates
e. fluoride
nitrate – brown color of blood - methemoglobin
70
Methemoglobin forms when
a. nitrate combines with reduced hemoglobin
b. nitrate converts hemoglobin to a molecule which can not release oxygen
c. nitrite oxidizes hemoglobin to the ferric state
d. nitrite reduces hemoglobin to the ferrous state
e. nitrite is reduced to NH3 in the blood
nitrite oxidizes hemoglobin to the **ferric** state
71
Carbon monoxide causes asphyxia by
a. hemolysis
b. forming methemoglobin
c. reducing the iron oxyhemoglobin
d. combining with hemoglobin preventing it from carrying oxygen
e. none of the above
combining with hemoglobin preventing it from carrying oxygen
72
Which of the following statements about poisoning with petroleum products is LEAST accurate?
a. Chlorinated naphathalenes as contaminants may cause bovine hyperkeratosis
b. Clinical signs are generally typical of aspiration pneumonia
c. The breath and the feces may smell oil or kerosine
d. Emetics are recommended in dogs and cats to prevent further absorption
Emetics are recommended in dogs and cats to prevent further absorption
73
Which of the following species are LEAST likely poisoned with chronic fluoride toxicosis?
a. cattle
b. sheep
c. dogs
d. horses
Dogs
74
Chronic exposure to benzene MAINLY results in
a. CNS depression
b. cardiotoxicity
c. hypotension
d. bone marrow suppression
**bone marrow suppression**
*CNS depression-acute benzene*
75
Which of the following poisonous plants is MOST likely associated with neurotoxicity and causes neuronal vacuolation?
a. pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
b. locoweed (Astragulus spp.)
c. ragwort (Senecio spp.)
d. soybean (Glycine spp.)
e. saltbrush (Atriplex spp.)
locoweed (Astragulus spp.)
## Footnote
*Selenium indicator plant!*
76
Poisoning by ergot *(Claviceps purpurea)* in cattle shows clinical signs generally similar to chronic toxicosis with
a. nitrate
b. lead
c. pentachlorophenol (PCP)
d. selenium
pentachlorophenol (PCP)
77
A blood lead concentration reported as 50 mg/dl is equal to
a. 0.05 ppm
b. 0.5 ppm
c. 5.0 ppm
d. 50 ppm
e. 500 ppm
500 ppm
78
Which of the following NPN sources is MOST toxic?
a. ammonium sulfate
b. ammonium chloride
c. ammonium phosphate
d. biuret
e. urea
urea
79
Which of the following metal toxicoses causes inhibition of the activity of several enzymes in heme synthesis?
a. iron
b. zinc
c. inorganic arsenic
d. lead
lead
80
Phenoxy acetic acid herbicides are plant hormones that change plant metabolism resulting in increasing toxicity of plants by improving plant palatability and increasing toxin content.
a. True
b. False
True
81
Excessive amounts of molybdenum cause clinical signs of copper deficiency in cattle.
a. True
b. False
True
82
.Heinz body anemia in cats is caused by this toxicant.
1. ethylene glycol
2. propylene glycol
3. lead
4. Iron
5. Inorganic arsenic
propylene glycol
83
In a live animal zinc is best detected in:
1. Whole blood
2. CSF
3. Serum
4. Plasma
5. Vitreous fluid
Serum
84
Which of the following is NOT true for _acute toxicosis_ of Dipyridyl herbicides?
1. Signs of vomiting, anorexia, and depression are present
2. High doses may cause ataxia, dyspenea, seizures
3. Respiratory signs may be observed within 1-4hrs
4. Production of free radials that damage tissue
Respiratory signs may be observed within 1-4hrs
85
There are no pathological signs for NPN toxicosis in ruminants except for bloat and an elevated BUN.
a) True
b) False
True
86
Paraquat is a plant hormone that alters the metabolism of plants which increases their toxicity and improves palatability
1. True
2. False
False
87
A dog with abdominal pain that has intravascular hemolysis, anemia with hemoglobinuria and NO CNS signs would most likely be caused by?
1. Zinc
2. Iron
3. Lead
4. Arsenic
Zinc
88
. In NPN toxicosis, a blood serum tests should result as.
a) alkaline rumen, acidosis, elevated BUN, elevated ammonia
b) acid rumen, alkalanosis, normal BUN, elevated ammonia
c) alkaline rumen, alkalonosis, low BUN, low ammonia
d) alkaline rumen, acidosis, normal BUN, low ammonia
alkaline rumen, acidosis, elevated BUN, elevated ammonia
89
Signs of CNS stimulation and GI irritation in a dog and heart failure in a horse is most indicative of which toxicant?
1. organic arsenic
2. inorganic arsenic
3. lead
4. fluoroacetate
5. metaldehyde
fluoroacetate
90
Capillary endothelial cells are most sensitive to
1. bleach
2. organic arsenic
3. trivalent arsenic
4. NPN
5. Iron
trivalent arsenic (inorganic arsenic!)
91
Pathognomonic effect of of Na/water depravation in swine is
eosinophilic meingoencephalitis
92
Which is associated with Na/water deprivation?
swelling of neurons with water
Sub Q edema
Eosinophic Perivascular cuffing
Eosinophic Perivascular cuffing
93
Iron may cause per acute anaphylactoid reaction with histamine release:
True
False
TRUE
94
With muscle necrosis, which liver enzyme is elevated?
ALT
95
What is contraindicated in the treatment of Paraquat?
OXYGEN!
96
Which of the following clinicophathologic parameters is LEAST likely to be elevated in a horse poisoned with monensin (ionophores)?
a. lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
b. alkaline phosphatase (AP)
c. creatine phosphokinae (CPK)
d. PCV
e. potassium
potassium
97
A feedlot steer that survived an overdose of monensin in the feed was found dead 3 weeks later. The MOST likely cause of death,
if related to the monensin toxicosis is:
a. persistent depolarization and arrhythmia as a result of the sodium and calcium channel effects
b. pulmonary hypertension induced by the toxic cardiac changes caused by monensin
c. cardiac fibrosis and insufficiency as a result of cardiac muscle necrosis during acute monensin toxicosis
d. cardiac insufficiency because of monensin inhibition of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
e. reduced energy levels in cardiac muscle following inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by monensin
cardiac fibrosis and insufficiency as a result of cardiac muscle necrosis during acute monensin toxicosis
98
Which of the following toxicants is MOST likely to cause degeneration and pale areas in the myocardium and skeletal muscles, as well as damage in the liver and kidney in most species?
a. organophosphate
b. sodium ion/water deprivation
c. monensin
d. urea
e. none of the above
Monensin (IONOPHORE!)
99
The clinical signs associated with water deprivation/sodium ion toxicosis in swine are thought to be MAINLY caused by
a. decreased sodium in the neurons
b. elevated sodium in the plasma
c. eosinophilic perivascular cuffing
d. cerebral edema and overhydration of nerve cells
e. focal bilateral malacia of the spinal cord
cerebral edema and overhydration of nerve cells
100
Which of the following toxicants is LEAST likely to cause systemic acidosis?
a. metaldehyde
b. zinc phosphide
c. pentachlorophenol
d. propylene glycol
propylene glycol
101
Adding 20% ferric chloride to urine sample results in purple color urine is used to detect the presence of which of the following toxicants in urine?
a. ethylene glcyol
b. phenol
c. detergent
d. bleach
e. propylene glycol
Phenol
