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Preeti: Toxicology > Exam 1: Pesticides > Flashcards

Exam 1: Pesticides Flashcards

1
Q

After absorption and distribution, organophosphate

pesticides have the highest concentration in

which of the following?

Liver, Kidney, Heart, Brain, or None of these?

A

None of these

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2
Q

Which are the most long lasting insecticides

in the environment?:

Carbamates

Pyrethrins

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

Organophosphates

Amitraz

A

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

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3
Q

Which of the following clinical signs would be LEAST

expected in carbamate toxicosis in a Hereford Heifer?

Convulsive seizure

Muscle tremors

Miosis

Diarrhea

Dyspnea

A

Convulsive seizure

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4
Q

What is the BEST sample from a DEAD cat to submit

to confirm toxicosis by chlorinated hydrocarbons?

Kidney, Body fat, Brain, Serum, Urine

A

Brain!

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5
Q

Which of the following insecticides causes

cardiovascular collapse and respiratory depression

MAINLY as an a-2 adrenergic agonist?

Pyrethroids

Amitraz

Rotenone

D-limonene

Nicotine

A

Amitraz

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6
Q

Which of the following should NOT be added to gastric lavage

in a dog poisoned with Strychnine?

Ammonium chloride

Tincture of iodine

Potassium permanganate

Activated charcoal

Sodium bicarbonate

A

Sodium bicarbonate

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7
Q

The rodenticide characterized by acetylene odor is:

A

Zinc Phosphide

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8
Q

All of the following drugs can be used to control the CNS

effects of Strychnine EXCEPT:

Barbiturates

Benzos

Phenothiazines

Xylazine

Guaifenesin

A

Phenothiazines

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9
Q

All of the following may INCREASE the effects of

Warfarin EXCEPT:

Phenylbutazone

Aspirin

Heparin

Phenobarbital

Chloramphenicol

A

Phenobarbital

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10
Q

Which of the following rodenticides causes cerebral

and spinal edema mainly by uncoupling phosphorylation and

inhibiting ATP?

Cholecalciferol

Zinc Phosphide

Strychnine

Bromethalin

Fluoroacetate

A

Bromethalin

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11
Q

Which of the following are LEAST likely clinical signs

of fluoroacetate (compound 1080) toxicosis in the Horse?

Colic, trembling, and staggering

Tachycardia, arrhythmias, and ventricular fibrillation

Clonic-tonic convulsive seizures and opisthotonus

Signs of respiratory insufficiency

A

Clonic-tonic convulsive seizures and opisthotonos

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12
Q

Which species is MOST sensitive to

phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D herbicides)?

A

Dogs

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13
Q

Early death in Metaldehyde toxicosis is mainly due to:

A

Respiratory failure

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14
Q

The most required specimen for chem analysis in

Metaldehyde toxicosis is:

A

Stomach contents

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15
Q

To help confirm dx of organophosphate poisoning

in a dead angus steer, you should look for the parent compound

in which specimen?

A

Rumen content

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16
Q

Pyrethrins have low toxicity to mammals MAINLY because:

A

They are metabolized rapidly

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17
Q

The MOST sensitive species to Rotenone toxicity is:

A

Fish!

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18
Q

Which insecticide is MOST likely to cause

hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia?

A

Naphthalene

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19
Q

Which insecticide causes the most

rapid onset and duration of clinical signs?

A

Nicotine

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20
Q

The specimen of choice for chem analysis of Strychnine in

a live animal is:

A

Urine

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21
Q

All of the following can be used to control the convulsions

in Strychnine poisoning EXCEPT:

Pentobarbital

Thiopental

Butorphanol

Diazepam

Methocarbamol

A

Butorphanol

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22
Q

If the type of rodenticide is unknown, duration of antidotal

therapy should be:

A

3 - 4 weeks

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23
Q

The specimen of choice for chem analysis of

anticoagulant rodenticides in a live animal is:

A

blood or serum

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24
Q

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be used in

decontamination in Strychnine poisoning?

induced emesis

gastric lavage

activated charcoal

antacids

diluted tannic acid solution

A

Antacids

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25
Q

Which species of animal is MOST sensitive to

Strychnine toxicosis?

A

Cattle

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26
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the

MOA of Warfarin?

It inhibits the precursor proteins of clotting factors 2,7,9,10

It increases the metabolism of vitamin K dependent clotting factors

It activates the precursor proteins of clotting factors 2,7,9,10

It stimulates carboxylation of vitamin K dependent clotting factors

It inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase

A

It inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase

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27
Q

T/F

DEET is used as an insect repellent and is absorbed by

the GIT but not the skin

A

FALSE

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28
Q

T/F:

Picrotoxin is the antidote for Ivermectin and has a wide

safety margin in dogs, but not in cats

A

FALSE

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29
Q

T/F:

Administration of Vitamin K1 immediately reverses the action

of anticoagulant rodenticides

A

FALSE

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30
Q

Decreased blood coagulability after exposure to anticoagulant

rodenticides is MAINLY due to:

A

Decreased prothrombin and coagulation factors

7, 9, 10

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31
Q

The toxicant that most likely causes calcification of soft tissues

A

Cholecalciferol

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32
Q

Which is LEAST likely to be used in decontamination

in Nicotine poisoning?

induced emesis

gastric lavage

activated charcoal

antacids

diluted tannic acid solution

A

antacids

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33
Q

Atropine is useful in the treatment of

organophosphate toxicosis because it antagonizes

all of the following EXCEPT:

Miosis

Excessive Salivation

Bradycardia

Muscle Fasciculation

GI Hypermotility

A

Muscle fasciculation

34
Q

What can be used to treat organophosphate

poisoning in dogs?

A

Atropine

2-PAM

Activated charcoal

Diphenhydramine

35
Q

How does 2-PAM antagonize the toxic effects of

organophosphates?

A

Reactivation of acetylcholinesterase

36
Q

Which of the following has a relatively long half life?

OPs

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

Carbamates

Pyrethroids

Rotenone

A

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

37
Q

Pyrethrins are botanical insecticides that:

a. inhibit cholinesterase
b. are metabolized to toxic metabolites
c. are slowly eliminated from the body
d. are antagonized with piperonyl butoxide
e. produce clinical signs similar to acute OP toxicosis

A

e. produce clinical signs similar to acute OP toxicosis

38
Q

Which of the following is LEAST likely associated with

Amitraz toxicosis?

Sedation

Constipation

Hypoglycemia

Hypotension

Bradycardia

A

Hypoglycemia

39
Q

Blood transfusion is MOST likely in toxicosis by which of the following?:

Pyrethroids

Amitraz

Naphthalene

DEET

Nicotine

A

Naphthalene

40
Q

A dog showing signs of anorexia, vomiting blood,

cardia arrhythmias, PU/PD is MOST likely intoxicated by:

Carbamate

Pyrethroids

Warfarin

Cholecalciferol

Bromethalin

A

Cholecalciferol

41
Q

The route of choice in administration of vitamin K is:

42
Q

List the species in order of DECREASING

sensitivity to anticoagulant rodenticides

A

Pig> dog,cat> ruminant> horse> chicken

43
Q

What is the BEST speciment to use in confirming

Cholecalciferol dx in a live dog?

44
Q

Which of the following pesticides is MOST toxic?

Pyrethrin

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

Carbamate

Organophosphates

Rotenone

A

Organophosphates

45
Q

What is the most common cause of

acute death in cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity?

A

Respiratory failure

46
Q

An insecticide that most likely inhibits electron

transport by inhibiting

nicotinamide adenine dinucelotide (NADH) dehydrogenase is:

47
Q

Which of the following BEST characterizes chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides?

Currently, they are very commonly used because of low mammalian toxicity

Bioactivation in the food chain

More toxic to fish than to any other species

Produce clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s) in dogs

Increases the toxic effects of organophosphates due to enzyme inhibition

A

Bioactivation in the food chain

48
Q

Which insecticide causes hyperglycemia due to

inhibition of insulin secretion?

49
Q

Which of the following coagulation tests is considered MOST

sensitive and accurate in dx of

anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis?

PT

OSPT

APTT

PIVKA

A

PIVKA

(Proteins Induced by Vitamin K Absence)

50
Q

The specimen of choice to confirm exposure to

anticoagulant rodenticides in a DEAD animals is:

51
Q

T/F:

Piperonyl butoxide is added to pyrethrin insecticides to

  • increase* their insecticidal activity while
  • decreasing* toxicity to mammals
52
Q

The presence of food in the stomach is MOST likely to

INCREASE toxicity of which of the following?

Warfarin

Bromethalin

Fluoroacetate

Zinc Phosphide

A

Zinc Phosphide

53
Q

Inhibition of the citric acid cycle by inhibiting aconitase enzyme

is the MOA for which of the following?

Bromethalin

Strychnine

Cholecalciferol

Fluoroacetate

A

Fluoroacetate

54
Q

Acute Zinc Phosphide toxicosis is MAINLY due to:

A

Liberation of phosphine gas in the GIT

55
Q

The species MOST sensitive to Fluoroacetate toxicosis is:

56
Q

Metaldehyde toxicosis is associated with prominent

nervous signs and convulsive seizures which are MOST

likely to be elicitable by external stimuli in which species?

57
Q

The hebicides that alter plant metabolism increasing

toxicity by improving plant palatability and increasing toxin

content are:

A

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids

58
Q

T/F:

Warfarin acts as an anticoagulant in-vivo and in-vitro by

inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase, inhibiting activation

of Vit K dependent clotting factors

59
Q

Clinical signs of delayed organophosphate toxicosis are

MAINLY due to:

A

peripheral neurotoxicity

60
Q

Atropine is a specific antidote for all of the following EXCEPT:

OPs

Carbamates

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

Mushroom

Physostigmine

A

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

61
Q

Immediate administration of this drug can

treat muscle fasciculation resulting from

organophosphate toxicosis

62
Q

Collies are more sensitive to Ivermectin toxicity that other

dogs because:

A

Collies lack a complete gene for a transport protein

that pumps ivermectin out of the brain and back into the blood

63
Q

All of the following can be used to control the

convulsions in Strychnine toxicosis EXCEPT:

Pentobarbital

Thiopental

Ketamine

Diazepam

Methocarbamol

64
Q

A dog showing autonomic signs including

vomiting, colic, diarrhea, mydriasis, dyspnea;

nervous signs including convulsions; locomotor signs including ataxia; then recovers to show signs of liver failure and

metabolic acidosis 2 - 3 days later, is most likely intoxicated by

A

METALDEHYDE

65
Q

Which is LEAST likely to be used in the tx of OP toxicosis?

Atropine

Fluids

Oxygen

Succinylcholine

A

Succinylcholine

66
Q

The animals MOST sensitive to Strychnine toxicosis are:

A

Large domestic animals

67
Q

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to cause

clinical signs of toxicosis within 24 hours of exposure?

Strychnine

Brodifacoum

Organophosphate

Pyrethroids

A

Brodifacoum

68
Q

Which of the following toxicoses is LEAST likely to be

a DDX of Fluoroacetate (compound 1080) toxicosis in dogs?

Strychnine

Zinc Phosphide

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

D-limonene

Bromethalin

A

D-limonene

69
Q

All of the following can be used to tx hypercalcemia

associated with cholecalciferol toxicosis EXCEPT:

normal saline

calcitonin

thiazine diuretics

loop diuretics

glucocorticoids

A

thiazine diuretics

70
Q

T/F:

Caged birds are the most sensitive animals to

Zinc Phosphide toxicosis

71
Q

Metaldehyde toxicosis is associated with prominent

nervous signs and convulsive seizures which are

NOT elicitable by external stimuli in which species?

72
Q

Which toxicosis is most likely to be associated with

a formaldehyde odor in the stomach contents of

an animal during postmortem exam?

A

Metaldehyde

73
Q

Which toxicant is most likely to be associated with an

elevation of citrate in the blood or kidney tissue?

A

Fluoroacetate (compound 1080)

74
Q

Which toxicant has the following lesions in most species?

Gastroenteritis which may be hemorrhagic

Pulmonary congestion and edema

Congestion of liver and kidney

Dead fish (acetylene odor) in the stomach

A

Zinc Phosphide

75
Q

T/F:

Repeated exposure to small amounts of Strychnine

over time is MORE toxic than a large single exposure

76
Q

Which rodenticide is MOST likely to cause

increased ICP and posterior paralysis?

A

Bromethalin

77
Q

Which of the following is a biphosphonate and acts as

a specific inhibitor of bone resorption and can be used

in treatment of cholecalciferol toxicosis?

A

Pamidronate disodium

78
Q

The MOST sensitive animals to Zinc Phosphide toxicosis are

A

Caged birds

79
Q

T/F:

CATS that recover from the acute phase of metaldehyde

toxicosis develop liver failure within 2 - 3 days of exposure

80
Q

Which of the following statements is true concerning both

ethylene glycol and cholecalciferol?

Dogs are most sensitive

Absorbed mainly from intact skin

Metabolized by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase

Cause precipitation of calcium in the kidney tubules

Excreted unchanged in urine

A

Cause precipitation of calcium in the kidney tubules

Preeti: Toxicology (6 decks)

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