Exam Extras Flashcards
What is wernicke’s-koraskoff syndrome?
- A thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency resulting from chronic alcohol consumption; possibly d/t ethanol interrupting the uptake of thiamine in the GI tract
- Causes severe amnesia and brain injury, changes in vision, and loss of muscle coordination; resulting in coma and death if not treated
- Treated with vitamin B
What is naltrexone?
- Not to be confused with naloxone (narcan)!
- Reveres the effects of opioids and manages alcohol dependence to reduce heavy drinking
What is naloxone (narcan)?
Used to remedy opioid overdose by blocking the effects of opioids
What is disulfiram (antabuse)?
Blocks the enzyme that metabolizes alcohol to tx individuals with chronic alcoholism
What is acamprosate (campral)?
Used to treat alcohol dependence; thought to stabilize the chemical balance in the brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcohol withdrawal
What is phenobarbital?
Used to control seizures and relieve anxiety, as well as prevent withdrawal symptoms
What are the four main categories of depressive and dysthymic disorders?
1) Emotional
2) Cognitive
3) Behavioral
4) Social
How is adjustment disorder different from major depression?
- Has an identifiable psycho-social stressor, such as loss, tragedy, change in lifestyle, etc.
- Usually occurs within 3 months of stress, sometimes 6
- Symptoms will decrease when stressor removed
- Symptoms include difficulty functioning in roles and relationships and overall distress
What drug is the first-line tx of depression?
SSRI’s
What is fluoxetine (Prozac)?
SSRI
How do benzodiazepines work?
Enhance the effect of NT GABA at the GABA receptors to reduce anxiety and agitation, induce sleep, relax muscles and inhibit new memory formation
What is bupropion?
An atypical antidepressant (also a good adjuvant to help stop smoking)
What are the subtypes of schizophrenia?
Paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated and residual
What is paranoid schizophrenia?
- Presence of delusions and hallucinations, for a significant portion of time (over 1 month). May include frightening or command voices.
- Disorganized speech and behaviour and other negative symptoms not as prominent
- Sudden onset, may be triggered by severe stressors
- Has the best prognosis of the subtypes
What is disorganized schizophrenia?
- Severe disintegration of personality
- Disorganized speech (word salad)
- Odd behaviour (ex. grunting, sniffing, uninhibited sexual behaviours)
- Withdrawn and incompetent
- Often unable to meet ADL’s
What is catatonic schizophrenia?
- Intense psychomotor disturbance (stupor or excitement) (posturing, immobility, mutism, negativism, etc.)
- Excessive, purposeless movements
- Reduced ability to filter out stimuli
- Delusions may play a role in why they have strange movements (ex. belief that holding hand one way will prevent battle between good and evil)
What is undifferentiated schizophrenia?
- Not classified as paranoid, disorganized or catatonic, but has some aspects of each
- Psychotic manifestations are extreme, with fragmented delusions, vague hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, etc.
- Affect is typically inappropriate
What is residual schizophrenia?
- Absence of prominent delusions, hallucinations, disorganized behaviour, etc.
- Continuing evidence of negative symptoms or reduced positive symptoms
- Follow acute episodes (so they are stuck with residual symptoms of their acute episode)
What is schizophreniform disorder?
- Same defining characteristic as schizophrenia, but with two exceptions: duration and impairment of function
- At least one month but not longer than 6 (if longer, considered schizophrenia)
- Social or occupational functioning sometimes does not occur
What is clozapine?
Anti-psychotic
What is quetiapine (seroquel)?
Anti-psychotic
What is benztropine?
Anti-parkinson’s and anti-cholinergic
What is olanzapine?
Anti-psychotic and mood stabilizer
What is aripiprazole?
Anti-psychotic and mood stabilizer
What generation are atypical anti-psychotics?
Second
What is key difference between typical and atypical anti-psychotics?
Atypical agents generally have a lower potential for extra-pyramidal effects, and possibly no greater efficacy for the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms
What is the typical ending for psycotic drugs?
“Zine” and “done”
What are the five steps of crisis intervention?
1) Assessment of the individual and problem
2) Planning of therapeutic interventions
3) Intervention
4) Resolution of the crisis
5) Anticipatory planning
What is antisocial personality disorder?
tend to antagonize, manipulate or treat others either harshly or with callous indifference. They may often violate the law, landing in frequent trouble, yet they show no guilt or remorse
What is borderline personality disorder?
Problems with regulating emotions and thoughts
Impulsive and reckless behavior
Unstable relationships with other people.
What is the difference between schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders?
SCHIZOID refers to individuals who tend to isolate themselves from others, as well as emotional coldness and apathy. Others may see them as ‘strange’.
SCHIZOTYPAL have difficulty forming relationships and inability to respond to social cues. Also have ‘magical thinking’ and hold peculiar beliefs (although not to the point that they can be diagnosed with schizophrenia)
What are the categories of immigrants and refugees?
IMMIGRANTS: choose to move for a better life
REFUGEES: leave d/t fear of persecution
CONVENTION REFUGEES: unwilling to return to country d/t fear of persecution based on race, religion, sexuality, etc.
PERSON IN NEED OF PROTECTION: risk of death/torture
