Exam December

Question 1

tell me about cellular respiration

Answer 1

Where the carbohydrates are broken down into something called ATP - adenosine triphosphate. process of converting carbohydrate into ATP. Cellular respiration also produces another products such as CO2 ( Carbon dioxide ) H2O and heat.

Question 2

Whats ATP

Answer 2

is a energy source that can be used for just about any function by just about any cell in the body.

Question 3

The rhythmicity center, responsible for the basic rhythm of breathing, is located in the:

Answer 3

Medulla Oblongata

Question 4

Voluntary control of breathing is primarily governed by the:

Answer 4

Cerebral Cortex

Question 5

Which structure detects changes in blood pH and CO2 levels to regulate breathing?

Answer 5

Chemoreceptors

Question 6

What role does the pons play in the control of breathing?

Answer 6

Fine-tunes the breathing rhythm

Question 7

During internal respiration, oxygen diffuses from the blood into the:

Answer 7

tissues

Question 8

Carbon dioxide in the blood is transported primarily in the form of:

Answer 8

bicarbonate Ions

Question 9

What percentage of oxygen in the blood is carried by hemoglobin?

Answer 9

98%

Question 10

Which of the following is a major threat posed by carbon monoxide (CO) to oxygen delivery?

Answer 10

Displaces oxygen from hemoglobin

Question 11

What is the primary factor that determines oxygen delivery to tissues?

Answer 11

cardiac output and arterial oxygen content

Question 12

How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Answer 12

As bicarbonate ions

Question 13

A condition where there is too much carbon dioxide in the blood is called:

Answer 13

Acidosis - is the condition where there is too much carbon dioxide in the blood, leading to a decrease in blood pH. Hypoxemia refers to low levels of oxygen in the blood, not excess carbon dioxide.

Question 14

What Happens to Cells if They Are Deprived of Oxygen?

Answer 14

When cells are deprived of oxygen, they cannot produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy source for cellular functions. Without ATP, the cell cannot maintain proper ion flux, which leads to cellular dysfunction, swelling, and eventual cell death. Brain cells are especially vulnerable, as neuronal ATP levels can deplete by 90% in less than five minutes, leading to rapid cell death​

Question 15

Describe the Source of Carbon Dioxide in the Human Body

Answer 15

Carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct of cellular metabolism, specifically during the process of aerobic respiration when cells use oxygen to generate ATP. It is primarily produced in the mitochondria as part of the citric acid cycle and needs to be expelled from the body to prevent acid build-up, which can disrupt homeostasis​

Question 16

tell me about gas exchange

Answer 16

diffusion of gases across plasma membrane;

Question 17

tell me about pulmonary respiration

Answer 17

movement of air in and out of the lungs

Question 18

tell me about the regulation of blood PH

Answer 18

altered by changing blood carbon dioxide levels

Question 19

tell me the two types of gas exchange

Answer 19

pulmonary gas exchange ( external ) between air in lungs and blood and Tissue gas exchange - between the blood and tissues

Question 20

tell me about Production of chemical mediators:

Answer 20

A C E, an ezyme involved in blood pressure regulation.

Question 21

tell me about voice production

Answer 21

movement of air passing through vocal folds makes sounds and speech

Question 22

tell me about olfaction

Answer 22

smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into nasal cavity

Question 23

tell me about protection in the respiratory system

Answer 23

against microorganism by preventing the entry and removing them from respiratory surfaces

Question 24

Describe the Critical Role that Oxygen Plays in the Human Body

Answer 24

when oxygen is low the risk of cell death is huge, specially brain cells and also because oxygen is critical for cellular respiration as it is used to produce ATP, the main energy source for cells.

Question 25

What Happens to Cells if They Are Deprived of Oxygen?

Answer 25

your brain dies because the cellular respiration where the carbohydrates are broken down into ATP (energy) stops. Without ATP the neuron can not maintain the correct ion Flux-function is deregulated,
the nerve cells swells and finally burse and die.

Question 26

Describe the Source of Carbon Dioxide in the Human Body

Answer 26

The main source of carbon dioxide is cellular respiration, which take places in the mitochondria cells. In the process of aerobic respiration, glucose is broken down into pyruvate through glycolysis. Pyruvate is then further metabolized in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), where the carbon atoms from glucose are released as CO₂

Carbon dioxide build up, causes acid build up in the body, which is toxic and create havoc (destruction, chaos or disorder) with our stable homeostasis.

Question 27

More about carbon dioxide

Answer 27

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) buildup in the body lowers the pH of the blood, which means it makes the blood more acidic.

In summary, CO₂ is produced during the breakdown of carbohydrates (glucose), fats (fatty acids), and proteins (amino acids), primarily in the citric acid cycle as part of cellular respiration.