Respiratory

Question 1

What do central chemoreceptors monitor?

Answer 1

Carbon dioxide levels in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 2

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

Answer 2

In the carotid arteries and aorta

Question 3

How does CO₂ affect blood pH?

Answer 3

It lowers pH by forming carbonic acid.

Question 4

What happens in acidosis?

Answer 4

Hypoventilation leads to reduced breathing and CO₂ buildup.

Question 5

What happens in alkalosis

Answer 5

Hyperventilation causes rapid breathing and excessive CO₂ loss.

Question 6

Diffusion

Answer 6

Movement of gases depends on their solubility and interaction with liquid

Question 7

Normal respiratory rate baby and infants

Answer 7

30-60 30-40

Question 8

What’s glycolysis

Answer 8

It is the first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm, where glucose is broken into pyruvate without producing carbon dioxide.

Question 9

What is the function of the medulla oblongata in respiration?

Answer 9

regulate the basic rhythm of breathing.

Question 10

What is the role of the pons in respiration?

Answer 10

The pons modifies the rhythm of breathing by coordinating smooth transitions between inhalation and exhalation, but it does not control the basic rhythm itself.

Question 11

What happens when carbon dioxide levels rise in the blood?

Answer 11

The brain signals to increase ventilation.

Question 12

Why is carbon monoxide toxic?

Answer 12

It displaces oxygen from hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport in the blood.

Question 13

How do buffer systems maintain blood pH?

Answer 13

By converting strong acids or bases into weaker ones.

Question 14

What does reduced arterial oxygen content indicate?

Answer 14

Decreased hemoglobin levels or saturation.

Question 15

Why does oxygen diffuse into the arterial ends of pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuse into the alveoli?

Answer 15

Because of differences in partial pressures.

Question 16

Why does oxygen diffuse out of the arterial ends of tissue capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuse out of the tissue?

Answer 16

Because of differences in partial pressures.

Question 17

What happens in the lungs (alveoli and pulmonary capillaries)?

Answer 17

Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli.
• Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli due to differences in partial pressures.

Question 18

What happens in the tissues (tissue capillaries and cells)?

Answer 18

Oxygen diffuses out of the blood into the tissues.
• Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood from the tissues, driven by partial pressure differences.

Question 19

What are the two main factors oxygen delivery to tissues depends on?

Answer 19

1. Cardiac Output (CO)
   
   2. Arterial Oxygen Content (CaO₂)

Question 20

What is cardiac output (CO), and why is it important?

Answer 20

Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute. A higher cardiac output means more oxygen-rich blood is delivered to tissues, which is essential for meeting the body’s oxygen demands.

Question 21

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Answer 21

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate (HR) × Stroke Volume (SV)

Question 22

How does heart rate (HR) affect cardiac output?

Answer 22

Heart rate refers to how many times the heart beats per minute. A higher heart rate increases cardiac output, improving oxygen delivery to tissues.

Question 23

How does stroke volume (SV) affect cardiac output?

Answer 23

Stroke volume is the amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat. An increase in stroke volume raises cardiac output, improving oxygen delivery.

Question 24

What happens if cardiac output is low?

Answer 24

If cardiac output is low, tissues may not receive enough oxygen to function properly, even if the blood contains enough oxygen.

Question 25

How does arterial oxygen content (CaO₂) influence oxygen delivery?

Answer 25

Arterial oxygen content is the amount of oxygen in the blood. Efficient oxygen binding by hemoglobin ensures that adequate oxygen is delivered to tissues.

Question 26

What does arterial oxygen content (CaO₂) depend on?

Answer 26

1. Oxygen bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
   
   2. A small amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma.

Question 27

How does hemoglobin affect oxygen delivery?

Answer 27

Most oxygen (98.5%) is carried by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin. If hemoglobin levels are low (e.g., anemia) or binding is impaired (e.g., carbon monoxide poisoning), oxygen delivery decreases.

Question 28

What is the formula for oxygen delivery to tissues?

Answer 28

Oxygen Delivery = Cardiac Output × Arterial Oxygen Content