EXAM Covering Chapters 5-8 Flashcards
Affect
the pattern of observable behaviors, such as facial expression, that are associated with these subjective feelings
Mood
a pervasive and sustained emotional response that can color the way you perceive the world
depressed mood
Feelings of disappointment and despair
Clinical Depression
a depressed mood is accompanied by several other symptoms, such as fatigue, loss of energy, difficulty sleeping, and changes in appetite
Mania
opposite emotional state of depression, accompanied with a euphoric feeling
Mood disorders
periods of time in which the persons behavior is in either a depressed or manic mood
depressive disorders
person only experiences episodes of depression
bipolar disorder
person experiences episodes of mania as well as depression
Dysphoric
Depressed or unpleasant mood
Somatic Symptoms of mood disorders
the psychological disorder effects the physical body not just your mood
Psychomotor retardation
behavior that accompanies depression; slowed movement, walk and talk as if in slow motion, pausing for an expended period of time before answering questions
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
depressive disorder that represents a chronic mild depressive condition that has been present for many years without a major depressive episode
Hypomania
episodes of increased energy that are not sufficiently severe to qualify as full blown mania
Cyclothymia
chronic, but less severe form of bipolar
Melancholia
severe type of depression, unremitting, vegetative state, (ECT?, Bio treatments)
Seasonal affective disorder
in which the onset of episodes is regularly associated with the change of the seasons
remission
when a persons symptoms are diminished or improved
Relapse
is a return of active symptoms in a person that has recovered from a pervious episode
Ruminative style
responding to feelings of depression by turning their attention inward, contemplating the cause and implications of their depression, ex. writing in a journal
Distracting style
responding to depression by focusing on hobbies and sports and becoming more involved to draw their attention away from the depression
Analogue studies
focus on behaviors that resemble mental disorders that appear in the natural environment
SSRI’s
inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic nerve ending, causing the serotonin pathways to have an increased amount of serotonin
Tricyclics antidepressants
inhibits reuptake of several neurotransmitters, have more side effects than SSRI’s
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
prevents breakdown of several neurotransmitters, not used as commonly because you have to avoid cheese and chocolate, and often develop high blood pressure
lithium carbonate
first choice in treating bipolar disorder
Fear
Specific, realistic, present, adaptive
anxiety
General, out of proportion, future, maladaptive
Worry
Uncontrollable thoughts of future danger
Panic attack
Sudden, overwhelming terror
Phobias
Irrational, focused anxiety, avoidance
Specific Phobia
marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation that almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety
Social anxiety disorder
focused on social situations in which the person may closely be observed or evaluated by other people
Agoraphobia
fear of the market place or places of assembly, fear of public spaces
Panic disorder
a person experiences recurrent, unexpected panic attacks with at least one followed by another within the next month
generalized anxiety disorder
excessive anxiety and worry are the primary symptoms
Preparedness model
fear of certain stimuli that is more easily learned than others because hundreds of years ago we evolved to learn this faster, like fear of snakes, spiders, heights
situational exposure
treat agoraphobic people, where the person repeatedly confronts the situation they fear
interoceptive exposure
the process is accomplished by having the person engage in standardized exercises that are known to produce the physical attributes of a panic attack, and teach how to control them.
Breathing retraining
education about the physiological effects of hyperventilating and practice in slow breathing techniques
Obsessions
Repetitive, unwanted thoughts
Compulsions
Compelled repetitive actions that reduce anxiety (Not pleasurable; NOT “compulsive” gambling)
dissociation
the disruption of the normally integrated mental processes involved in memory, consciousness, identity, or perception
Traumatic stress
an event that involves actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence to self or witnessing others experience trauma
Acute stress disorder (ASD)
occurs within a month after exposure to a traumatic stress
Post traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD)
last longer than one month and sometimes has a delayed onset
Flashbacks
sudden memories during which the trauma is replayed in images or thoughts
Differences between people with and without PTSD are…
Correlations, apparently due to preexisting differences not due to brain damage from the trauma
meaning-making
finding value or reason for having endured a trauma
Critical incident stress debriefing
a single one to five hour group meeting offered one to three days after a disaster
dissociative disorders
persistent mal adaptive disruptions in the integration of memory, consciousness, or identity
dissociative fugue
unplanned travel, the inability to remember details about past and confusion about identity of the assumption of a new identity
hysteria
frustrated sexual desires, particularly in woman desire to have a baby, cause the unusual symptoms
Hypnosis
loss of control over their actions in response to suggestions from the hypnotist
rational system
a system of information processing, that uses abstract, logical knowledge to solve complex problems over time
experimental system
a system of information processing that uses intuitive knowledge to respond to problems immediately without delay of thought
Explicit memory
conscious recollection
implicit memory
is unconscious and evident only because past experience can change behavior
Derealization/depersonalization disorder
feelings of unreality or detachment from the environment
dissociative amnesia
the partial or complete loss of recall for particular events or for a particular period of time, personal information, that exceeds forgetfulness
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
formerly known as multiple personality disorder, and is the existence of two or more distinct personalities in a single individual
retrospective reports
evaluations of the past from the vantage of the present, that may be selectively recalled, distorted, or even created to confirm a clinician’s expectations
state dependent learning
learning that takes place in one state or affect or consciousness is bested recalled in that same state, affect, or consciousness
iatrogenesis
the manufacture of a disorder by its treatment
somatice symptom disorders
physical symptoms are prominent and accompanied by impairing psychological distress
conversion disorder
emotions converted into physical symptoms
Illness anxiety disorder
fear or belief that one is suffering from a physical illness but physical symptoms are either absent or minor
Body dysmorphic disorder
preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance
malingering
pretending to have a physical illness in order to achieve some external gain such as disability
factitious disorder
a feigned condition that, unlike malingering, is motivated primarily by a desire to assume the sick role rather than by a desire for external gain
behavioral medicine
includes bother medical and mental health professionals who focus on psychological influences on the symptoms, causes, and treatment of physical illness
Stress
a challenging event that requires physiological, cognitive, or behavioral adaptation
primary appraisal
our evaluation of the challenge, threat, or harm posed by an event
secondary appraisal
our assessment of our abilities and resources for coping with the event
Two hormones Adrenal glands release
epinephrine, and norepinephrine which activate cortisol
Cortisol
“stress hormone”, functions quickly to help the body make repairs in response to injury or infection
psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
investigates the relation between stress and immune function
homeostasis
the tendency to return to a steady state of normal functioning
generaladaptation syndrome (GAS)
consists of 3 stages, alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
problem-focused coping
involves attempts to change a stressor
Emotion-focused coping
is an attempt to alter internal distress
ways to reduce stress
predictability, control, outlets for frustration, optimism, repression(not healthy)
Resilience
the ability to cope successfully with the challenges of life
Health behavior
is any action that promotes good health
illness behavior
behaving as if you are sick
longitudinal study
studying people repeatedly over time
cross-sectional study
people are studied at only one point in time
Stages of Grief
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Stress: General adaptation syndrome
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
out of gas and keep trying to start car
Stress: Overwhelms homeostasis
can’t idle down (like car on a cold morning)
stress: uses energy that impairs body functioning
cooling lubricants can’t keep up
Stress: Health behavior
Indirect effect, poor driving, ignoring maintenance
