EXAM Covering Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
Paradigm
is a set of shared assumptions that includes what the theory is about and how to test the hypotheses
Biopsychosocial model
biological, psychological, social contributions
Id
present at birth, biological drives
Ego
part of brain that must deal with realities of the world, while trying to fulfill id impulses
Super ego
equivalent to your conscience, societal standards of behavior
Defense mechanisms
unconscious self deceptions that reduce conscious anxiety
Classical conditioning
is learning through associations (Pavlov)
Extinction
stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned response
Operant Learning
behavior is a function of consequences (Skinner)
Systems theory
embraces the importance of multiple contributions to causality but also their interdependence
Reductionism
attempts to understand problems by focusing on smaller and smaller units, suggesting that the smallest account is the true cause
Equifinality
many paths to the same destination
Diathesis
predisposition towards developing a disorder
Stress
a difficult experience
Developmental Psychopathology
emphasizes change over time
Premorbid history
a pattern of behavior the precedes the onset of the disorder
Prognosis
a disorder having a predictable course
Correlational study
the relation between two factors
Correlation coefficient
between -1, 1, and shows how strongly the two factors are related
Reverse causality
causation could be operating in the opposite direction
Third variable
a correlation between two variables might be explained by a 3rd unmeasured factor
Neurons
basic building blocks of the brain
Synapse
a small gap filled with fluid where the axon terminal is separated from other cells
Neurotransmitters
released into the synapse and are received by receptors
Receptors
receive neurotransmitters and are located on the dendrites or soma of another neuron
Reuptake
captures some neurotransmitters in the snaps and returns the chemical substances to the axon terminal
Dualism
the mistaken view that the mind and body are somehow separable
Limbic system
Where the forebrain is linked with the mid brain and hindbrain, and is made up of several structures that regulate emotion and learning
Hypothalamus
controls basic biological urges such as eating drinking and sexual urges (The Four F’s Food, Fight, Flight, F***)
Cerebral hemispheres
what most of the forebrain is composed of, and are divided up into the left and the right cerebral hemispheres
Lateralized
one hemisphere serves as a specialized role in the site of specific cognitive and emotional activities.
Ventricles
four connected chambers, filled with cerebral spinal fluid
Cerebral cortex
is the uneven surface area of the forebrain, just under the skull, and controls integration of sophisticated memory, sensory, and motor functions
Psychophysiology
changes in the functioning of the body that result from psychological experiences
Endocrine system
a collection of glands found at various locations throughout the body
Hormones
chemical substance that affect the functioning of distant body systems and sometimes neuromodulators. Released by the Endocrine glands.
Autonomic nervous system
regulates functions of various body organs
Genes
are ultramicroscopic units of DNA that cary information about heredity
chromosomes
chainlike structures contained in the nucleus of cells
Behavior genetics
genetic influences on normal and abnormal behavior
Genotype
actual GENETIC structure
Phenotype
the PHYSICAL appearance of the genotype
Polygenic
disorders that are influenced by multiple genes and the environment
Probands
index cases
Monozygotic twins
Identical, ONE egg (mono)
Dizygotic
Fraternal, TWO eggs (di)
Concordance rates
a twin pair is concordant when both twins either have the same disorder of both don’t have it
Shared environment
experiences that the twins have in common
Non shared environment
experiences unique to one of the twins
Gene-environment interaction
genetic predispositions and environmental factors combining to create more than their separate influences
Attachments
selective bonds with their care givers
Dominance
the hierarchical ordering of social group into more and less privileged
Temperament
characteristic styles relating to the world. “OCEAN”, openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Emotions
internal feeling or states
Modeling
learning through imitation
Attributions
are perceived causes, peoples beliefs about cause effect relations
Identity
integrated sense of self
Self control
internal rules for guiding behavior
Developmental stages
periods of time marked by age/or social tasks during which children or adults face common social and emotional challenges
Social support
the emotional and practical support received from others
Gender roles
the expectations regarding appropriate behavior of males and females
Psychotherapy
The use of psychological techniques and therapist client relationship to produce emotional, cognitive, and behavior change
Psychopharmacology
The use of medication to treat psychological disturbances
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
inducing seizures by passing electricity through the brain, used to treat severe depression
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s therapy where he would have the patient talk freely about whatever crossed their minds
Insight
formerly unconscious material brought into conscious awareness
Interpretations
the analyst’s main tool for promoting insight, usually relate to past experiences with loved ones
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
more engaged than psychotherapy and directive, and treatment is much shorter
Interpersonal therapy (ITP)
focuses on changing emotions and styles of interacting with close relationships
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
research based technique to help troubled people find new ways of thinking
Systematic desensitization
a technique of eliminating fears
Cognitive therapy
treatment for depression based on the belief that depressed people have gray colored lenses
Humanistic psychotherapy
belief in that humans have choices and we create out own futures
Client-centered therapy
focuses on the therapy relationship
Therapeutic alliance
a bond between client and therapist that is crucial for therapy to work
Meta-analysis
a statistical procedure that allow researchers to combine results from different studies in a standardized way
Placebo effect
the powerful healing effect produced by inert treatments
Couple therapy
involves intimate partners in therapy together
Family therapy
family members being treated, designed to improve communication
Group therapy
several people facing similar emotional problems or life issues
Assessment
the process of gathering information
Diagnosis
identification or recognitions of a disorder on the basis of its symptoms
Classification system
is used to divide or organize a set of objects
Categorical approach to classification
assumes that distinctions among members of different categories are qualitative
Dimensional approach to classification
the objects of classification in terms of continuous dimensions (like how much the characteristic of that object exhibit)
Stigma
Stamp or label that sets a person apart from others
Cultural concepts of distress
patterns of erratic or unusual thinking and behavior that have bene identified in diverse societies around the world and do not easily fit into the other diagnostic categories that are listed in the DSM 5 (unique to specific societies)
Reliability
refers to the consistency of measurements
Validity
meaning or importance of measurement
Etiological validity
concerned with factors that cause or contribute to the onset of a disorder
Comorbidity
The simultaneous appearance of two or more disorders in the same person
Rating scale
in which the observer is asked to make judgments that place the person along a dimension
Reactivity
people may alter their behavior when they know they are being watched. (intentionally, or unintentionally)
Personality inventories
straightforward statement the subject has to indicate if it is true or false
Actuarial interpretation
analyzing results of a specific test on the basis of an explicit set of rules that are derived from empirical research
Projective tests
the person is presented with ambiguous stimuli and asked to project a story onto it
Psychopathology
the symptoms and signs of mental disorders, including such phenomena as depressed mood, panic attacks, and bizarre beliefs
Abnormal psychology
is the application of psychological science to the study off mental disorders
Psychosis
several types of severe mental disorders in which the person is considered t be out of contact with reality
Syndrome
A group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder
Harmful disfunction
1) the inability to perform psychical or mental natural functions
2) condition causes harm to the person as judged by the persons culture
Culture
the values, beliefs, and ideas shared with a specific community or group of people
Epidemiology
the scientific study of frequency and distribution of disorders in an environment
Incidence
refers to the number of new cases of a disorder that appear in a population during a specific period of time
Prevalence
refers to the total number of active cases, both old and new
Comorbidity
The presence of more than one condition within the same period of time
Psychiatry
Medicine that is concerned with the study and treatment of mental disorders
Clinical psychology
concerned with the application of psychological science to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders
Social work
concerned with helping people to achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning
Case study
an in-depth look at the symptoms and circumstances surrounding one person’s mental disturbance
