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BIO 30S > EXAM ( all units ) > Flashcards

EXAM ( all units ) Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

bodies ability to maintain a constant internal environment with a changing external environment

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2
Q

what happens when you get too hot

A

your sweat glands are targeted by hormones that cool your skin

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3
Q

what happens when you get too cold

A

your hormones target your muscles to contract, increasing blood flow ( warming you up)

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4
Q

positive feedback

A

response to a physiological stressor like blood clots or child birth

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5
Q

negative feedback

A

the body trying to regulate critical processes like temperature and pH

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6
Q

active transport

A

transports with the use of energy by the cell. 3 types are ion pump, exocytosis, and endocytosis

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7
Q

passive transport

A

transports without the need for energy like osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion

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8
Q

two types of endocytosis

A

pinocytosis ( of fluid )
phagocytosis ( of a solid )

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9
Q

list monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose ( c6h12o6 )

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10
Q

list disaccharides

A

sucrose

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11
Q

polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

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12
Q

pepsin

A

stomach enzyme that helps digest proteins

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13
Q

amylase

A

in the salivary glands and it breaks down starches

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14
Q

lipase

A

in the intestines and breaks down fats

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15
Q

carbohydrates

A

a type of sugars that are a source of energy for your body

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16
Q

lipids

A

provides twice the amount of energy compared to carbs
- cushions organs
- important for hormones

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17
Q

protein

A

have enzymes
have antibodies
hormones
build muscles and shine

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18
Q

hydrolysis

A

reaction that splits apart a polymer into shorter molecules

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19
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

reaction that joins monomers to create dimers or polymers

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20
Q

saturated fats

A

solid at room temp.
animal based fats
lard and fat

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21
Q

unsaturated fats

A

liquid at room temp
plant based
oils

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22
Q

lock and key model

A

enzyme and substrate must be an exact match for reactions to proceed

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23
Q

induced fit

A

enzyme needs to change shape slightly in order to bind to substrate

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24
Q

food path

A

mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

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25
Q

mechanical digestion

A

consists of physical movement which breaks down food into smaller pieces without chemicals

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26
Q

chemical digestion

A

consists of enzymes and chemicals made within the human body that breaks down food into nutrients

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27
Q

why do we need to eat and drink

A

for energy

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28
Q

what is the purpose of digestion

A

to convert food to their simplest form

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29
Q

segmentation

A

contraction and relaxation of muscles that pushes chyme back and forth

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30
Q

peristalsis

A

contraction and relaxation or muscles that pushes chyme one way

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31
Q

pancreatic juice

A

made by the pancreas and breaks down food

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32
Q

what is bile

A

a yellowish green liquid
made by liver
stored in gallbladder
breaks down fats

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33
Q

regurgitation

A

when your stomachs sphincters don’t close properly

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34
Q

tongue

A

moves food around
can taste sweet, sour, salty, umami, and bitter
mechanical

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35
Q

teeth

A

what chews the food into smaller pieces mechanical

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36
Q

salivary glands

A

produces saliva with enzymes to help break down food
chemical

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37
Q

epiglottis

A

flap that prevents food from entering the lungs by covering trachea

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38
Q

esophagus

A

connects pharynx to stomach, uses peristalsis
mechanical

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39
Q

pharynx

A

space being oral cavity
mechanical

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40
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

a valve located between the esophagus and the stomach
mechanical

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41
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

controls the emptying of stomach contents into the small intestine
mechanical

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42
Q

stomach

A

three layers of muscles used to churn food and contain hydrochloric acid
chemical and mechanical

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43
Q

small intestine

A

does digestion and absorption for digestive system. has three sections
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
chemical

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44
Q

large intestine

A

absorption of vitamins and water
chemical and mechanical

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45
Q

appendix

A

helps the body fight infections

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46
Q

liver

A

detoxifies harmful substances and produces bile
chemical

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47
Q

gallbladder

A

where bile is stored
chemical

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48
Q

pancreas

A

produces pancreatic juice that breaks down carbs, proteins, and fats

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49
Q

characteristics of living things

A

they need energy, such is photosynthesis. humans need cellular respiration and water. the basic unit of living things are cells

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50
Q

autotrophs

A

use energy from the sun and make sugar and starch for food

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51
Q

heterotrophs

A

they cannot make their own nutrients and therefore acquire it from another source

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52
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process of autotrophs using the sun to make nutrients

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53
Q

thermoregulation

A

maintaining a normal body temp

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54
Q

osmoregulation

A

constant water balance

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55
Q

waste management

A

body being able to rid itself of harmful material

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56
Q

ion pumps

A

protein embedded in the cell membrane, allow for passage of certain charges

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57
Q

endocytosis

A

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by unfolding of the cell membrane

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58
Q

exocytosis

A

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole

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59
Q

prokaryotic

A

no nucleus

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60
Q

eukaryotic

A

has a nucleus

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61
Q

cell theory

A

-all living organisms are composing of cells
-cells are the basic unit of structure and function
- all cells come from pre-existing cells by mitosis

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62
Q

diffusion

A

particles following a concentration gradient

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63
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water following a concentration gradient

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64
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion using a carrier protein in the plasma membrane

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65
Q

what are simple sugars

A

carbs that are made up or two or more molecules of glucose

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66
Q

protein molecules

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

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67
Q

lipid molecules

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen

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68
Q

carb molecules

A

hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

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69
Q

inorganic

A

doesn’t need hydrogen and carbon, usually small and ionic

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70
Q

organic

A

contains carbon and hydrogen, they have covalent bonds, tend to be large

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71
Q

catalyst

A

speeds up a reaction

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72
Q

monounsaturated

A

contains one double c-c bond

73
Q

polyunsaturated

A

contains more than one double c-c bond

74
Q

triglyceride

A

made of one glycerol linked to three fatty acid chains

75
Q

triglyceride

A

made of one glycerol linked to three fatty acid chains

76
Q

emulsification

A

mixing two liquids that don’t normally go together

77
Q

4 steps of digestion

A

movement, digestion, absorption, and egestion

78
Q

nasal cavity

A

filters, warms, and moistens air

79
Q

larynx

A

production of sound

80
Q

pharynx

A

common passageway for air, food, and liquid

81
Q

trachea

A

main airway

82
Q

bronchi

A

passage to your right and left lungs, branches to bronchioles

83
Q

bronchioles

A

branching airways

84
Q

alveoli

A

air sacs for gas exchange

85
Q

diaphragm

A

skeletal muscle of respiration

86
Q

why do we breathe

A

to take in O2 and release CO2

87
Q

inhalation

A

when air flows into the lungs

88
Q

exhalation

A

where gases exit the lungs

89
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

capillaries and alveoli

90
Q

internal respiration

A

process of tissue respiration

91
Q

external respiration

A

breathing and exchange of gases

92
Q

why is it better to breathe through your nose

A

because your mouth doesn’t filter any air causing you to take in germs

93
Q

pressure during inhalation

A

low pressure

94
Q

pressure during exhalation

A

high pressure

95
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air you normally inhale and exhale

96
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximum air that can be inhaled after exhaling normally

97
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

maximum air you can exhale after inhaling normally

98
Q

vital capacity

A

maximum air you can inhale and exhale

99
Q

residual volume

A

the air that remains in your lungs after you exhale maximum amount of

100
Q

total lung capacity

A

total volume of air your lungs can hold

101
Q

chemoreceptors

A

located on surface of medulla oblongata, sends chemical signal for potential action

102
Q

medulla oblongata

A

found in the brain to maintain homeostasis, tells ribs and diaphragm to contract

103
Q

nostrils

A

passageway for air

104
Q

epiglottis

A

covers larynx during swallowing

105
Q

lungs

A

organ for gas exchange

106
Q

intercostal muscles

A

moves ribs during respiration

107
Q

pleural membrane

A

keeps the lungs safe

108
Q

what is the role of the circulatory system

A

to circulate and transport nutrients and oxygen. Also so remove waste from cells

109
Q

how is the circulatory system like digestive and respiratory systems

A

it takes nutrients from digestive and oxygen from respiratory

110
Q

systolic pressure

A

when the heart is contracting
av valves closed
semi lunar valves open

111
Q

diastolic pressure

A

when the heart is relaxing
av valves are open
semi lunar valves are closed

112
Q

what happens if your heart stops getting blood

A

your best will stop working and you can get a heart attack

113
Q

sinotrial node

A

made up of a group of cells, sends electric pulse to heart to pump

114
Q

atriventricular node

A

the pulse is received by the AV node at the base of the right atrium

115
Q

his- purkinje fibre

A

cause the ventricles of the heart to contract from pulse sent by SA node

116
Q

why is heart a double pump

A

because it’s pumping oxygenated and deoxygenated blood at the same time

117
Q

arteries

A

transport blood away from the heart to the body grand and tissue. transports oxygenated blood expect pulmonary artery

118
Q

veins

A

transports deoxygenated blood towards the heart expect for pulmonary veins

119
Q

capillaries

A

allows material and gas exchange between the body cells and the blood

120
Q

why does the heart and veins have valves

A

to control the flow of blood

121
Q

what artery supplies the heart muscles with blood

A

coronary arteries

122
Q

what supply’s blood to the liver

A

the portal vein

123
Q

what circulates blood to the kidney

A

renal vein

124
Q

what circulates blood to the lungs

A

pulmonary veins

125
Q

four chambers of heart

A

left and right atrium
left and right ventricle

126
Q

which side carries oxygenated blood

A

left

127
Q

what side carries deoxygenated blood

A

right

128
Q

inferior vena cava

A

largest vein that returns deoxygenated blood from lower body

129
Q

superior vena cava

A

largest vein that returns deoxygenated blood from upper body

130
Q

right atrium

A

chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from body

131
Q

tricuspid valve

A

controls the flow of blood from the right atrium to right ventricle

132
Q

right ventricle

A

pushes blood into lungs

133
Q

pulmonary valve

A

controls the flow of blood from right ventricle to lungs

134
Q

pulmonary artery

A

carries blood to lungs

135
Q

pulmonary veins

A

brings oxygenated blood back from lungs

136
Q

left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

137
Q

mitral valve

A

controls the flow of blood from left atrium to left ventricle

138
Q

left ventricle

A

pumps blood out of the heart to the body

139
Q

aortic valve

A

controls the flow or blood from left ventricle through aorta

140
Q

aorta

A

largest artery that carries blood away from the heart to the body

141
Q

septum

A

separates left and right side so blood doesn’t mix

142
Q

myocardium

A

what helps the heart contract

143
Q

what controls the opening and closing of valves

A

chordae tendonae

144
Q

what is a heart murmur

A

caused by a damaged septum

145
Q

four components of blood

A

plasma, platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells

146
Q

3 functions of blood

A

transportation, regulation, and protection

147
Q

where are blood cells made

A

bone marrow

148
Q

white blood cells

A

made to protect the body by antibodies and antigens
has nucleus or organelles

149
Q

Red blood cells

A

flattened discs with con caved center
no nucleus or organelles
main function is gas exchange

150
Q

another name for RBC

A

Erythrocytes

151
Q

another name for WBC

A

leukocytes

152
Q

platelets

A

smaller pieces of cells found in the blood
hell with blood clot formation

153
Q

what is Rh factor

A

a type of anti thay can also be found on top of the surface of RBC
also called D- antigen

154
Q

what happens when a mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+

A

the mom will make antibodies against the baby causing her body to attack it

155
Q

what is the universal donor

A

O-

156
Q

what is the universal recipient

A

AB+

157
Q

first line of defense

A

innate and non-specific
physical barriers: skin, cilia, mucus, and nose hairs
chemical barriers: tears, saliva, stomach acid, lysozyme

158
Q

second line of defense

A

innate and non-specific
known as inflammatory response

159
Q

third line of defense

A

adaptive and specific
known as immune response
- cell- mediated immunity
- humoral immunity

160
Q

immune system main function

A

defense against disease causing organism, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles

161
Q

antibody

A

y shaped protein, they have receptors that bind to an antigen

162
Q

macrophage

A

a type of WBC that surrounds and kills microorganisms

163
Q

B lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies

164
Q

plasma cells

A

a type of b cells that makes antibodies

165
Q

memory cells

A

remember an antigen so your body can fight it quicker

166
Q

T lymphocytes

A

kill the virus or bacteria

167
Q

helper t cells

A

activate killer t cells

168
Q

killer t cells

A

kill infected cells

169
Q

pathogen

A

am organism causing disease to its host

170
Q

5 types of WBC

A

lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil, basophil, and neutrophil

171
Q

histamine

A

produced from mat cells and basophils
it increases blood flow causing the area to become red or swollen

172
Q

3 important aspects of third line of defense

A

specific, systemic and memory

173
Q

how are invaders recognized

A

by antigens

174
Q

antigens

A
  • found in surface of cells
  • allow body to distinguish between self and foreign
175
Q

granular WBC

A
  • cytoplasm is granular
  • neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
  • heal wounds
176
Q

agranular WBC

A
  • no granules in cytoplasm
  • monocytes and lymphocytes
  • immunity
177
Q

phagocytosis

A

eat and kill bacteria

178
Q

plasma

A
  • yellowish liquid
  • makes up 55% of blood volume
179
Q

3 types of proteins in plasma

A
  • albumins
  • fibrinogen
  • globulins

BIO 30S (7 decks)

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