EXAM ( all units ) Flashcards
1
Q
what is homeostasis
A
bodies ability to maintain a constant internal environment with a changing external environment
2
Q
what happens when you get too hot
A
your sweat glands are targeted by hormones that cool your skin
3
Q
what happens when you get too cold
A
your hormones target your muscles to contract, increasing blood flow ( warming you up)
4
Q
positive feedback
A
response to a physiological stressor like blood clots or child birth
5
Q
negative feedback
A
the body trying to regulate critical processes like temperature and pH
6
Q
active transport
A
transports with the use of energy by the cell. 3 types are ion pump, exocytosis, and endocytosis
7
Q
passive transport
A
transports without the need for energy like osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion
8
Q
two types of endocytosis
A
pinocytosis ( of fluid )
phagocytosis ( of a solid )
9
Q
list monosaccharides
A
glucose, fructose ( c6h12o6 )
10
Q
list disaccharides
A
sucrose
11
Q
polysaccharides
A
starch, glycogen, and cellulose
12
Q
pepsin
A
stomach enzyme that helps digest proteins
13
Q
amylase
A
in the salivary glands and it breaks down starches
14
Q
lipase
A
in the intestines and breaks down fats
15
Q
carbohydrates
A
a type of sugars that are a source of energy for your body
16
Q
lipids
A
provides twice the amount of energy compared to carbs
- cushions organs
- important for hormones
17
Q
protein
A
have enzymes
have antibodies
hormones
build muscles and shine
18
Q
hydrolysis
A
reaction that splits apart a polymer into shorter molecules
19
Q
dehydration synthesis
A
reaction that joins monomers to create dimers or polymers
20
Q
saturated fats
A
solid at room temp.
animal based fats
lard and fat
21
Q
unsaturated fats
A
liquid at room temp
plant based
oils
22
Q
lock and key model
A
enzyme and substrate must be an exact match for reactions to proceed
23
Q
induced fit
A
enzyme needs to change shape slightly in order to bind to substrate
24
Q
food path
A
mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
25
mechanical digestion
consists of physical movement which breaks down food into smaller pieces without chemicals
26
chemical digestion
consists of enzymes and chemicals made within the human body that breaks down food into nutrients
27
why do we need to eat and drink
for energy
28
what is the purpose of digestion
to convert food to their simplest form
29
segmentation
contraction and relaxation of muscles that pushes chyme back and forth
30
peristalsis
contraction and relaxation or muscles that pushes chyme one way
31
pancreatic juice
made by the pancreas and breaks down food
32
what is bile
a yellowish green liquid
made by liver
stored in gallbladder
breaks down fats
33
regurgitation
when your stomachs sphincters don’t close properly
34
tongue
moves food around
can taste sweet, sour, salty, umami, and bitter
mechanical
35
teeth
what chews the food into smaller pieces mechanical
36
salivary glands
produces saliva with enzymes to help break down food
chemical
37
epiglottis
flap that prevents food from entering the lungs by covering trachea
38
esophagus
connects pharynx to stomach, uses peristalsis
mechanical
39
pharynx
space being oral cavity
mechanical
40
cardiac sphincter
a valve located between the esophagus and the stomach
mechanical
41
pyloric sphincter
controls the emptying of stomach contents into the small intestine
mechanical
42
stomach
three layers of muscles used to churn food and contain hydrochloric acid
chemical and mechanical
43
small intestine
does digestion and absorption for digestive system. has three sections
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
chemical
44
large intestine
absorption of vitamins and water
chemical and mechanical
45
appendix
helps the body fight infections
46
liver
detoxifies harmful substances and produces bile
chemical
47
gallbladder
where bile is stored
chemical
48
pancreas
produces pancreatic juice that breaks down carbs, proteins, and fats
49
characteristics of living things
they need energy, such is photosynthesis. humans need cellular respiration and water. the basic unit of living things are cells
50
autotrophs
use energy from the sun and make sugar and starch for food
51
heterotrophs
they cannot make their own nutrients and therefore acquire it from another source
52
photosynthesis
the process of autotrophs using the sun to make nutrients
53
thermoregulation
maintaining a normal body temp
54
osmoregulation
constant water balance
55
waste management
body being able to rid itself of harmful material
56
ion pumps
protein embedded in the cell membrane, allow for passage of certain charges
57
endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by unfolding of the cell membrane
58
exocytosis
a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole
59
prokaryotic
no nucleus
60
eukaryotic
has a nucleus
61
cell theory
-all living organisms are composing of cells
-cells are the basic unit of structure and function
- all cells come from pre-existing cells by mitosis
62
diffusion
particles following a concentration gradient
63
osmosis
diffusion of water following a concentration gradient
64
facilitated diffusion
diffusion using a carrier protein in the plasma membrane
65
what are simple sugars
carbs that are made up or two or more molecules of glucose
66
protein molecules
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
67
lipid molecules
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen
68
carb molecules
hydrogen, carbon, oxygen
69
inorganic
doesn't need hydrogen and carbon, usually small and ionic
70
organic
contains carbon and hydrogen, they have covalent bonds, tend to be large
71
catalyst
speeds up a reaction
72
monounsaturated
contains one double c-c bond
73
polyunsaturated
contains more than one double c-c bond
74
triglyceride
made of one glycerol linked to three fatty acid chains
75
triglyceride
made of one glycerol linked to three fatty acid chains
76
emulsification
mixing two liquids that don’t normally go together
77
4 steps of digestion
movement, digestion, absorption, and egestion
78
nasal cavity
filters, warms, and moistens air
79
larynx
production of sound
80
pharynx
common passageway for air, food, and liquid
81
trachea
main airway
82
bronchi
passage to your right and left lungs, branches to bronchioles
83
bronchioles
branching airways
84
alveoli
air sacs for gas exchange
85
diaphragm
skeletal muscle of respiration
86
why do we breathe
to take in O2 and release CO2
87
inhalation
when air flows into the lungs
88
exhalation
where gases exit the lungs
89
where does gas exchange occur
capillaries and alveoli
90
internal respiration
process of tissue respiration
91
external respiration
breathing and exchange of gases
92
why is it better to breathe through your nose
because your mouth doesn’t filter any air causing you to take in germs
93
pressure during inhalation
low pressure
94
pressure during exhalation
high pressure
95
tidal volume
the amount of air you normally inhale and exhale
96
inspiratory reserve volume
maximum air that can be inhaled after exhaling normally
97
expiratory reserve volume
maximum air you can exhale after inhaling normally
98
vital capacity
maximum air you can inhale and exhale
99
residual volume
the air that remains in your lungs after you exhale maximum amount of
100
total lung capacity
total volume of air your lungs can hold
101
chemoreceptors
located on surface of medulla oblongata, sends chemical signal for potential action
102
medulla oblongata
found in the brain to maintain homeostasis, tells ribs and diaphragm to contract
103
nostrils
passageway for air
104
epiglottis
covers larynx during swallowing
105
lungs
organ for gas exchange
106
intercostal muscles
moves ribs during respiration
107
pleural membrane
keeps the lungs safe
108
what is the role of the circulatory system
to circulate and transport nutrients and oxygen. Also so remove waste from cells
109
how is the circulatory system like digestive and respiratory systems
it takes nutrients from digestive and oxygen from respiratory
110
systolic pressure
when the heart is contracting
av valves closed
semi lunar valves open
111
diastolic pressure
when the heart is relaxing
av valves are open
semi lunar valves are closed
112
what happens if your heart stops getting blood
your best will stop working and you can get a heart attack
113
sinotrial node
made up of a group of cells, sends electric pulse to heart to pump
114
atriventricular node
the pulse is received by the AV node at the base of the right atrium
115
his- purkinje fibre
cause the ventricles of the heart to contract from pulse sent by SA node
116
why is heart a double pump
because it’s pumping oxygenated and deoxygenated blood at the same time
117
arteries
transport blood away from the heart to the body grand and tissue. transports oxygenated blood expect pulmonary artery
118
veins
transports deoxygenated blood towards the heart expect for pulmonary veins
119
capillaries
allows material and gas exchange between the body cells and the blood
120
why does the heart and veins have valves
to control the flow of blood
121
what artery supplies the heart muscles with blood
coronary arteries
122
what supply’s blood to the liver
the portal vein
123
what circulates blood to the kidney
renal vein
124
what circulates blood to the lungs
pulmonary veins
125
four chambers of heart
left and right atrium
left and right ventricle
126
which side carries oxygenated blood
left
127
what side carries deoxygenated blood
right
128
inferior vena cava
largest vein that returns deoxygenated blood from lower body
129
superior vena cava
largest vein that returns deoxygenated blood from upper body
130
right atrium
chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from body
131
tricuspid valve
controls the flow of blood from the right atrium to right ventricle
132
right ventricle
pushes blood into lungs
133
pulmonary valve
controls the flow of blood from right ventricle to lungs
134
pulmonary artery
carries blood to lungs
135
pulmonary veins
brings oxygenated blood back from lungs
136
left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins
137
mitral valve
controls the flow of blood from left atrium to left ventricle
138
left ventricle
pumps blood out of the heart to the body
139
aortic valve
controls the flow or blood from left ventricle through aorta
140
aorta
largest artery that carries blood away from the heart to the body
141
septum
separates left and right side so blood doesn’t mix
142
myocardium
what helps the heart contract
143
what controls the opening and closing of valves
chordae tendonae
144
what is a heart murmur
caused by a damaged septum
145
four components of blood
plasma, platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells
146
3 functions of blood
transportation, regulation, and protection
147
where are blood cells made
bone marrow
148
white blood cells
made to protect the body by antibodies and antigens
has nucleus or organelles
149
Red blood cells
flattened discs with con caved center
no nucleus or organelles
main function is gas exchange
150
another name for RBC
Erythrocytes
151
another name for WBC
leukocytes
152
platelets
smaller pieces of cells found in the blood
hell with blood clot formation
153
what is Rh factor
a type of anti thay can also be found on top of the surface of RBC
also called D- antigen
154
what happens when a mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+
the mom will make antibodies against the baby causing her body to attack it
155
what is the universal donor
O-
156
what is the universal recipient
AB+
157
first line of defense
innate and non-specific
physical barriers: skin, cilia, mucus, and nose hairs
chemical barriers: tears, saliva, stomach acid, lysozyme
158
second line of defense
innate and non-specific
known as inflammatory response
159
third line of defense
adaptive and specific
known as immune response
- cell- mediated immunity
- humoral immunity
160
immune system main function
defense against disease causing organism, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles
161
antibody
y shaped protein, they have receptors that bind to an antigen
162
macrophage
a type of WBC that surrounds and kills microorganisms
163
B lymphocytes
produce antibodies
164
plasma cells
a type of b cells that makes antibodies
165
memory cells
remember an antigen so your body can fight it quicker
166
T lymphocytes
kill the virus or bacteria
167
helper t cells
activate killer t cells
168
killer t cells
kill infected cells
169
pathogen
am organism causing disease to its host
170
5 types of WBC
lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil, basophil, and neutrophil
171
histamine
produced from mat cells and basophils
it increases blood flow causing the area to become red or swollen
172
3 important aspects of third line of defense
specific, systemic and memory
173
how are invaders recognized
by antigens
174
antigens
- found in surface of cells
- allow body to distinguish between self and foreign
175
granular WBC
- cytoplasm is granular
- neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
- heal wounds
176
agranular WBC
- no granules in cytoplasm
- monocytes and lymphocytes
- immunity
177
phagocytosis
eat and kill bacteria
178
plasma
- yellowish liquid
- makes up 55% of blood volume
179
3 types of proteins in plasma
- albumins
- fibrinogen
- globulins
