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BIO 30S > BIO TEST #6 > Flashcards

BIO TEST #6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood considered as

A

specialized connective tissue because it is made up of a group of cells that preforms specific function

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2
Q

3 components of blood

A
  • plasma
  • blood cells
  • platelets
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3
Q

where are blood cells produced

A

bone marrow

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4
Q

what is the process of blood cells being made called

A

hematopoiesis

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5
Q

functions of blood

A

transportation, regulation, and protection

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6
Q

Function: Transportation

A

-O2 from lungs to cells of the body
- CO2 from cells to lungs
- nutrients from digestive system to cell

transporting hormones from endocrine glands to organs

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7
Q

Function: Regulation

A
  • control and maintain body temperature
    -maintain normal pH levels
  • maintaining fluid level
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8
Q

Function: Protection

A
  • prevent infection through white blood cells and antibodies detecting and attacking foreign substances like bacteria and viruses
  • blood clotting
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9
Q

plasma

A
  • sticky, yellow coloured liquid
  • makes up 55% of blood volume
  • 92% water, 7% protein, and 1% dissolved solutes
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10
Q

3 types of protein found in plasma

A
  • albumins
    -fibrinogen
  • globulins
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11
Q

albumins

A

maintains blood pressure and volume

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12
Q

fibrinogen

A

important for forming blood clots

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13
Q

globulins

A

transport proteins around the body
( some are antibodies )

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14
Q

what are the two types of blood cells

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
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15
Q

Red blood cells

A

( erythrocytes )
- flattened discs with con-caved center
-ideal for gas exchange
- no nucleus
- no organelles
- live 120 days

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16
Q

hemoglobin

A

-within RBCs
- contains Iron and when bound to O2 it becomes a brighter red

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17
Q

why is having no nucleus important for RBCs

A
  • decreases the size of the cell and increases the overall surface area of the cell. more O2 and CO2
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18
Q

main function of RBCs

A

to transport respiratory gases

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19
Q

White blood cells

A

( Leukocytes)
- spherical but has the ability to change shape
- has a nucleus and organelles
- bigger than RBCs

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20
Q

Main function of WBCs

A

to protect the body by fighting foreign invaders and infections

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21
Q

most abundant to least abundant WBCs

A

Neutrophill, Lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil

( never let monkeys eat bananas )

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22
Q

Most WBCs go through

A

amoeboid, phagocytosis, and chemical properties

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23
Q

Amoeboid action for WBCs

A
  • can move on its own
  • passes out of the capillaries for phagocytosis
  • pulls themselves with pseudopodia
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24
Q

Phagocytosis

A

can eat bacteria and toxins
- breaks down pathogens within the lysosome of the cell

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25
Q

chemical properties for WBCs

A

-they make antibodies to help stop the effect of chemicals that might be present in the area of injury and inflammation

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26
Q

why are white blood cells the key to your immune system

A

they make antibodies that react with antigens that make pathogens stick together to immobilize them

27
Q

vaccinations

A

-they put a weak or dead version of the disease so your body starts producing antibodies against the virus

28
Q

granular WBCs

A

-when cytoplasm is granular
- has neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
-phagocytic
- they heal wounds, repair damage, and present infections from spreading

29
Q

Agranular WBCs

A

-when cytoplasm has no granules
- had monocytes and lymphocytes( b cells and t cells)
-b cells are for antibody immunity
-T cells are responsible for responding to abnormal or infected cells

30
Q

platelets

A
  • ( thrombocytes )
  • cell fragments
  • no nucleus
  • live 7 days
  • blood clot formation
31
Q

blood groups

A
  • specific genes inherited from your parents
32
Q

what are blood types

A

A, B, O
- since we have two genes there are 6 possible combinations

33
Q

antigens

A
  • found on surface of cells
  • allow the body to distinguish between self and foreign
  • made of protein or sugars
34
Q

antibodies

A
  • Y-Shaped
  • detect and defend body from foreign materials
35
Q

Agglutination

A

binding of matching antibodies and antigens on red blood cells.

36
Q

why do vehicles only carry O- blood?

A

because O negative is the universal donor and can give to anyone

37
Q

who is the universal recipient

A

AB+

38
Q

what happens when a patients own blood type is not available

A

you give them O-/ universal donor

39
Q

type A antibody and antigens

A

A antigen
B antibodies

40
Q

type b antigen and antibody

A

B antigen
A antibody

41
Q

type AB antibody and antigen

A

Has A and B antigen but no antibody

42
Q

type O antigen and antibody

A

no antigen
A and B antibody

43
Q

why might someone needs blood transfusion

A

due to injury illness or surgery

44
Q

blood typing

A

a practice used to determine an individuals blood type by identify the type of antigen present in RBC surface

45
Q

how does RH factors affect the mother and the baby

A

when mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+ the mom will develop antibodies against the babies blood so when she is pregnant a second time her body will attack the baby leading to anemia

46
Q

each blood types code

A

IAIA- homo type A
IAi- hetero Type A
IBIB- homo type B
IBi- hetero type B
IAIB- hetero type AB
ii- homo type O

47
Q

Antigen D

A

if it is present blood is Rh+
if it is missing, blood is Rh-

48
Q

how to prevent a complication between mother and child

A

injected anti Rh- antibodies during pregnancy
- usually at 28 weeks

49
Q

lupus

A
  • when your body’s immune system attacks your own tissues and organs
  • triggers are sunlight, infections, and medications
    -symptoms are fever, joint pain, and rashes
  • anti inflammatory drugs
  • every 1 in 1000 Canadians
50
Q

what is the immune system

A

the body’s defense against disease fusing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles
- prevents bacteria and viruses

51
Q

what is the inflammatory response triggered by

A

cuts, scrapes, bone fractures, and infections

52
Q

how are invaders recognized

A

by antigens being chemical name tags in the surface of every cell

53
Q

3 important aspects of the third line of defense

A

specific, systemic, and memory

54
Q

two types of T lymphocytes

A

helper T cells- activate b cells and cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T cells- kill foreign cells
- involved in cell- mediated immunity

55
Q

two types of B lymphocytes

A

plasma cells- produce antibodies
memory cells- remember particular antigen
- involved in humoral immunity

56
Q

how do we acquire immunity

A
  • breast milk
  • being exposed to a germ
  • vaccination
  • no one actually has complete immunity
57
Q

artificially acquired passive immunity

A

performed antibodies are introduced into body by injection

58
Q

artificially acquired active immunity

A
  • antigens are introduced into body vaccines
59
Q

naturally acquired active immunity

A
  • antigen or pathogens enter body naturally
60
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity

A

antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or breast feeding

61
Q

third line of defense

A
  • adaptive and specific
    -“immune response”
  • has humoral immunity and cell- mediated immunity
  • after a phagocyte eats a bacteria the antigen is presented to a helper t cell which activates it cause the killer t cell to terminate any infected cell
62
Q

second line of defense

A
  • innate and non- specific
  • tissue damage carries bacteria into the wound, wounded cells release chemicals that stimulate mast cells that then release histamine. histamine increases blood flow cause phagocytes to leave capillaries and ingest bacteria and dead cells
63
Q

first line of defense

A

innate and non- specific
- physical barriers are skin, cilia, mucus and nose hairs
- chemical barriers are tears, saliva, stomach acid, and lysozyme

BIO 30S (7 decks)

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