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1
Q

digestive system

A
  • the process when large complex molecules are broken down into simple substances
  • animals make energy using food and oxygen
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2
Q

teeth

A 
carnivore
- sharp ripping teeth
- incisors, canines, premolars, molars 
herbivore 
- wide grinding teeth
- premolars, molars
omnivore 
- both kinds of teeth 
- incisors, canines, premolar, molar
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3
Q

herbivore and omnivore digestive system

A
  • long digestive system
  • harder to digest cellulose
  • bacteria in the intestines help
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4
Q

carnivore digestive system

A
  • short digestive system

- protein easier to digest then cellulose

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5
Q

ruminant

A

teeth - some have no upper incisors or canines
large foregut - stomach has 4 chambers (human,reticulum, omasium,abomasum)
- richer and regurgitate feed to soften it
- foregut fermented - very large stomach, small intestine
e.g. sheep and cows

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6
Q

non-ruminant

A

handgut fermenter - small stomach and large intestine/colon
simple digestive system - sharp incisors and no canines
- long gut with hind gut
e.g. horse, rabbit, human

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7
Q

carnivore

A
  • organisms that kills and eats animals e.g. fox
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8
Q

herbivore

A

organism that eats living plants or parts of them

e.g. cow

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9
Q

omnivore

A
  • organism that eats both plants and animals

e. g. humans

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10
Q

mechanical digestion

A
  • when large pieces of food are broken down into smaller parts through chewing or muscular movement in the stomach. aim is to increase the surface area of food so it can be acted on by enzymes in chemical digestion
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11
Q

chemical digestion

A
  • when enzymes break down complex substances into their simplest form
    e. g. carbs - glucose
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12
Q

ruman

A
  • the first and largest section of the stomach
  • solid food is mixed and partially broken down
  • the human contains millions of bacteria an other microbes that promote fermentation
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13
Q

poultry

A

beak - no teeth can’t chew
crop - stores food
gizzard - crushes food using grit stones
vent - one opening for waste and reproduction

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14
Q

main roles of digestive system

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
egestion

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15
Q

ingestion and adaptations

A
  • taking in of nutrients into mouth
    adaptations
  • organism choosing suitable food for ingestion
  • mouth parts that assist in feeding behaviors
  • physical features that assist in catching food
    e.g. cheetah - speed
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16
Q

digestion and adaptations

A
  • chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into small molecules that can be absorbed
    adaptations
  • structure/ shape and number of teeth
  • structure of alimentary tract
  • indicate the foods an animal can digest
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17
Q

absorption

A
  • the taking up of digested molecules into the internal environment of the cells digestive tract
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18
Q

egestion

A
  • the removal of waste food materials from the body
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19
Q

transport system of the body 4 main function CS

A
  • transportation of water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
  • distribution of nutrients and removal of waste
  • maintenance of body temperature
  • circulation of hormones
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20
Q

animal transport

A
  • size and shape of animals affects the way nutrients and gases are transported to/from cells
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21
Q

small organisms CS

A
  • arthropods e.g. insects and snails
  • open circulatory systems
  • fluids circulating are not fully enclosed in blood vessels
  • heart pops the lymph into large spaces and bathes the cells with nutrients and then re-enters the heart
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22
Q

small/flat animals CS

A

e.g. flat worms or jelly fish
habitat - aquatic or high moisture region
- environment moves materials past cells
large Sa: vol ratio therefore substances diffuse in and out of their bodies fast
- no heart blood vessels or blood
- limited by the need for a high moisture environment

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23
Q

large animals CS

A
  • large and/or metabolically active organisms
  • e.g. fish, birds and mammals
  • aquatic or terrestrial environments
  • closed circulation
  • blood circulated inside a network of blood vessels
  • muscular heart pumps blood through blood vessels under pressure
  • 2,3,4 chambered heart
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24
Q

blood parts

A

plasma - fluid that transports gases and waste
red blood cells - carry oxygen from the lungs to other body regions
white blood cells - to protect the body abasing foreign substances entering the body
platelets - fragments of cells that work to reduce blood loss by forming clots in the case of injury

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25
Q

fish CS

A
  • 2 chambered heart (atrium and ventricle)
  • closed circulation
  • single circulation
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26
Q

amphibians CS

A
  • 3 chambered heart
  • left atrium, right atrium and ventricle
  • double circulation
    4 chambers, 2 halves
  • right and left side
  • double circulation
  • right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
  • blood returns to the left side and piped to the rest of the body
  • each side has 2 chambers (atrium and ventricle)
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27
Q

open vs closed system

A 
define 
O - heart pumps into open cavity, quick way to transport nutrients around the body, less efficient 
C - heart pumps into network of vessels, more efficient, longer slower process, costs lots of energy 
heart 
O - more then one 
C - 1
vessels 
O - none or few
C - elaborate network
pressure
O - low pressure, slow movement 
C - high pressure, fast movement
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28
Q

arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart
  • blood under great pressure
  • thick, more muscular walls
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29
Q

veins

A
  • carry blood to the heart
  • blood under less pressure
  • thinner walls, less muscular
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30
Q

capillaries

A
  • move blood between veins and arteries and cells
  • low pressure
  • thin walls 1 cell thick
  • huge surface area for exchange
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31
Q

gas exchange

A
  • process by which the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between cells of an organism and the environment
  • occurs by diffusion across a plasma membrane
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32
Q

breathing

A
  • in order to extract oxygen from the air by the alveolus, air must enter the gas exchange area of the body and diffuse into cells
  • air is moved in and out of the lungs by movement of the ribs and the diaphragm
  • diffusion difference for oxygen traveling for the alveolus to red blood cells is very short
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33
Q

why do fish suffocate

A
  • when out of water fish gill filaments stick togehter
  • redoing SA of gills
  • gases are not exchanged as when in water
  • not enough O2 supply or CO2 removed
  • poisoned by low pH enzymes reduce function
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34
Q

exchange across whole body surface

A
  • small animals only
  • large surface area to volume ratio
  • body shapes are long and thin
    e. g. earth worms and jelly fish
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35
Q

exchange across external gills

A
  • gills can be damaged due to their delicate structure
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36
Q

exchange across internal gills

A
  • water pass over the gills must be actively moving to maintain concentration gradient
  • gills are protected from damage by being housed inside the animal
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37
Q

bird lungs

A
  • high demand for oxygen
  • metabolism is high and flight requires a lot of oxygen
  • very efficient gas exchange system
  • have air sacs to enable one way flow through lungs
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38
Q

bird lungs efficiency

A

large surface area - many tiny air capillaries
diffusion - short, thin walls
moist - air capillaries are wet
- conserve moisture
maintaining concentration gradient - air flows in one direction through the lungs regardless of inhaling or exhaling

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39
Q

exchange at the end of fine tubes through the body

A
  • air diffuses through a tubular network
  • spiracles
  • insects breathe through spiracles allowing oxygen to travel along a network of tubes to reach their cells
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40
Q

mammal lungs and structure

A
  • most efficient form of gas exchange

- trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm

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41
Q

mammal lungs efficiency

A

large surface area - many small alveoli
diffusion - short thin capillary walls
moist - wet lining
maintaining concentration gradient - air is exhaled and replaced with fresh inhaled air
- blood returns to heart to get pumped around the body

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42
Q

water use in plants

A
  • keep cool
  • photosynthesis and supports other chemical reactions
  • keeps cells firm and supported
  • transport minerals up
  • it is absorbed through hypertonic root hairs
  • then transported up the stem
  • lost by transpiration from leaves
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43
Q

root hairs

A
  • long very thin
  • increase SA;vol ratio
  • hypertonic so osmosis moves water into the roots
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44
Q

vascular bundle

A

xylem phloem and cambium

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45
Q

xylem

A
  • carries water and minerals up from the roots
  • via capillary action
  • wide hollow pipes
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46
Q

phloem

A
  • carries sucrose up and down from the leaves
  • companion cells and sieve cells are living
  • narrow
  • water from the xylem moves into phloem via osmosis
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47
Q

cambium

A
  • divides xylem and phloem

- making stem thicker and stronger

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48
Q

transpiration

A

water evaporates from leaves while stomata are open for the exchange of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis

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49
Q

transpiration light intensity

A
  • more light increase transpiration stimulates guard cells to take in water and open to allow CO2 to diffuse in for photosynthesis
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50
Q

temperature transpiration

A
  • hotter increase diffusion and transpiration water evaporates quicker
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51
Q

humidity transpiration

A

high humidity reduces tranpsiration

  • the surrounding air is dry diffusion of water is faster
  • increasing diffusion gradient increases water loss
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52
Q

soil water transpiration

A
  • wet soil increases transpiration

- plants can’t keep transpiring rapidly if water lost is not replaced

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53
Q

translocation

A
  • transport of sugars and amino acids to all parts of the plant this is rapid and requires energy
  • sucrose is actively pumped from photosynthetic cells into sieve cells
  • energy for this is from companion cells
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54
Q

adhesion

A

water rises in the narrow vessels partly because water molecules are attached to the walls

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55
Q

cohesion

A

water moclules are attracted to each other and as water evaporates from the leaves columns of water are drawn up through the xylem

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56
Q

ring barking trees

A
  • removal of a strip of bark from circumference of tree
  • woody plants have vascular bundles in outer ring
  • removes phloem
  • sugars can’t be carried down to roots
  • roots die due to lack of energy from respiration
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57
Q

water moevement in plants

A
  • water enters hypertonic root hairs by osmosis
  • moves into xylem in the center of the root
  • moves up xylem
  • leaves xylem into leaf by moving into spongy layer by osmosis
  • water evaporates into the spaces behind the stomata and diffuse into the air
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58
Q

leaf structure

A 
cuticle
upper epidermis 
palisades layer
spongy  layer
lower epidermis
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59
Q

upper epidermis

A

layers of cells covered by waxy cuticle prevents water loss

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60
Q

palisade layer

A

contain chloroplast at top for maximum light absorption

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61
Q

spongy layer

A

provides a spot for gas exchange large spaces for air and water vapour
- includes xylem and phloem

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62
Q

stomata include advantages and disadvantages

A
  • opening between 2 guard cells
  • allow for gas exchange or water and carbon dioxide
    open ad - allow CO2 in
    open dis - loose water
    closed ad - restores the water inside the leaf
    closed dis - respiration and photosynthesis wouldn’t occur
  • stomata close when guard cells loose water
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63
Q

guard cells

A

open and close stomata control transpiration

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64
Q

xerophytes

A

live in desert where water is sacred and evaporation is rapid

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65
Q

leaf adaptation xerophytes

A

waxy cuticle - reduces evaporation water proof
small, shed leaves - store water, less SA for evaporation
sunken in stomata - keeps humid air in reduces diffusion

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66
Q

cell membrane

A

controls movement of materials into and out of the cell

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67
Q

membrane structure

A
  • fluid mosaic model = double layer of phospholipids

- includes proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids and cholesterol

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68
Q

proteins

A
  • act as a carrier and receptor cites
  • control the movement of specific molecules into and out of the cell
  • include channel protein, carrier protein and receptor protein
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69
Q

glycoproteins

A

play an important role in cellular recognition and immune response

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70
Q

glycolipid

A

act as a receptor surface and stabilize the membrane

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71
Q

cholesterol

A

disturbs the close packing of the phospholipids and regulates membrane fluidity

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72
Q

channel protein

A

open - open all the time
closed - open and close under certain condition
- like a conveyer belt

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73
Q

receptor protein

A

lock and key model specific to certain substances

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74
Q

carrier protein

A

carries a molecule through the membrane protein changes shape
- suck in squeeze out mechanism

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75
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophilic head

- hydrophobic tail (fatty acid)

76
Q

photosynthesis

A

process of transforming sunlight energy into chemical energy

77
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

carbon dioxide + water + energy – glucose and oxygen gas

glucose - C6H12O6

78
Q

leaf adaptation for photosynthesis

A

large surface area - to absorb light
thin - so gasses don’t have far to diffuse
contain chlorophyl - to trap light
network of veins - to transport water and sugars
have stomate - allow gases to diffuse in and out

79
Q

chloroplast and structure

A 
contain dan and ribosomes 
- intermembrane 
- stroma - liquid interior 
granum - stacks of thylakoid membranes containing chlorophyll 
- thylakoid
80
Q

2 phases of photosynthesis

A
  1. light dependent - occurs in the thylakoid membrane splits water into hydrogen and oxygen ions
  2. light independent stage - occurs in the stroma takes in co2 and combines with hydrogen ions creates sugar
81
Q

light photosynthesis

A

as light increases photosynthesis increase until it hits a flat line

  • chlorophyll is working as fast as possible and can’t work any faster
  • it can only absorb a certain amount of light at one time
82
Q

carbon dioxide photosynthesis

A

rate of photosynthesis increases as carbon dioxide concentration increase
- reactant

83
Q

temperature photosynthesis

A

increasing temperature increases photosynthetic rate because of its effect on enzyme activity
- temperature exceeding optimum with eventually decrease photosynthetic rate

84
Q

diffusion

A
  • movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
  • doesn’t require energy (passive)
  • takes place until concentration reaches equilibrium
  • further away from the source the lower the concentration
85
Q

factors affecting rate of diffusion

A

concentration difference
surface area
membrane thickness
particle size - smaller particles diffuse faster
temperature - increase in temp causes faster diffusion rate as they have a higher kinetic energy

86
Q

surface area to volume ratio

A
  • ratio to cells surface area in relation to its volume
  • maximizing surfacea rea to volume ratio is important so transport systems can run efficiently in cells
  • large surface area can absorb things faster
87
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration across a semi permeable membrane

88
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the pressure created by water moving across a membrane

the more water the higher osmotic pressure

89
Q

hypotonic solution

A
  • low solvent outside the cells
  • water moves inwards
  • the cell enlarges
90
Q

isotonic solution

A
  • same concentration
  • numbers going in and out are equal
  • cell stays the same
91
Q

hypertonic solution

A
  • high solvent outside the cell
  • water moves outwards
  • the cell shrinks
92
Q

solute

A

dissolvable substance

93
Q

solvent

A

substance that dissolves solute

94
Q

solution

A

solvent and solute mixed together

95
Q

osmosis in animals unicellular

A
  • are able to remove excess water by forming pools in cytoplasmic organelles
  • when they stretch to a certain point they contract and expel the water
96
Q

osmosis in animals multicellular

A
  • cells are bathed in isotonic fluid
  • function effectively because water diffuses in both directions
  • solute concentration is controlled by the concentration of solutes in blood plasma
97
Q

osmosis in animal

A

shape is designed to maximize their surface area

98
Q

osmosis in plants

A
  • plant cell vacuoles contain cell sap that is rich in solute
  • cell placed in solution whose solute is higher then the sap, full plasmolysis shrink
  • cell placed in solution whose solute concentration is lower then then sap, full turgor big
99
Q

respiration

A

series of chemical reactions that involve a reaction between glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and energy
- needed to grow reproduce move and carry out fundamental maintenance and repairs

100
Q

enzymes

A

catalyst that speed up biological reactions which are not consumed

  • only complete specific jobs
  • reusable
  • reduces the activation energy of reactions (amount of energy required to get the reaction started)
101
Q

anabolic

A

joins 2 or more substrate molecules together

102
Q

catabolic

A

break a molecule into smaller parts

103
Q

lock and key model

A
  1. substrate is drawn into the active site of the enzyme
  2. substrate shape must be compatible with the active site in order to react
  3. enzyme modifies the substrate breaking down or joining together
    - very specific to substrate
    - enzyme has a fixed shape
104
Q

induced fit model

A
  1. 2 substrate molecules are drawn into the active site
  2. the enzyme changes shape forcing the substrate molecules to combine
  3. the resulting end product is released by the enzyme which returns to its normal shape
    - substrate and active site aren’t the same shape
105
Q

temperature enzymes

A

enzyme activity increases with temperature due to increased particle speed = increased collision with enzymes and substrates
- if too hot enzymes denatures loosing its 3D shape therefore substrate won’t fit

106
Q

substrate concentration

A
  • increase in concentration means there are more substrates present
  • low concentration = not all enzymes are taken up
  • high concentration = all enzymes being used
  • all servers taken up
  • rate of reaction increases then reaches a flat line
107
Q

cofactors

A
  • permanently or temporarily attaches to enzyme to change shape
  • helps to form active site
108
Q

competitive inhibitors

A
  • mimic true substance and fit into active site
  • fits into active site but doesn’t do anything
  • blocks the enzyme
109
Q

non competitive inhibitors

A
  • doesn’t land in the active site but attaches to the enzyme and changes the shaoe
  • substrate is unable to fit into the active site
  • preventing function
110
Q

carbohydrates

A

carbon hydrogen and oxygen

111
Q

carbs function

A
  • break down sugars
  • quick energy and energy storage
  • structural elements in cells
112
Q

carbs monomer

A

monosaccharides

113
Q

carbs example

A

monosaccharides - simple sugars e.g. glucose and fructose
disaccharides - 2 likes mono, sucrose
polysaccarides - many sugar molecules, glycogen

114
Q

carbs structure

A

chains of glucose monomers joined

115
Q

proteins

A

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and sulfur

116
Q

proteins function

A
  • cantor chemical reactions
  • transport
  • build, maintain and replace body tissue
117
Q

protein monomer

A

amino acids 20

118
Q

protein example

A

enzyme reactions

membrane structure

119
Q

protein structure

A
  • long necklaces with different shaped beads
  • each bead is a small amino acid
  • joined together make thousands of proteins
120
Q

lipids

A

carbon hydrogen and oxygen

121
Q

lipids function

A
  • store energy
  • water proofing
  • shock absorber
  • insulation
  • protect organs
122
Q

lipids monomers

A

fatty acids, glycerol

123
Q

lipids example

A

oils and fats

124
Q

lipids structure

A

3 fat acid tails attached to a glycerol

- triglyceride

125
Q

lipids found in

A

butter meat cheese oil

126
Q

nucleic acid

A

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur and phosphorus

127
Q

NA function

A

store genetic code

128
Q

NA monomer

A

nucleotide

129
Q

NA examples

A

DNA, RNA

130
Q

NA structure

A

made of nucleotides

- phosphate, base and deoxyribose sugar

131
Q

prokaryotic cell

A
  • pili
  • capsule
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • chromosome DNA (big, middle)
  • plasmid DNA (small)
  • ribosomes
132
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

133
Q

cytoplasm

A

fluid material where activities of the cell occur

134
Q

plasmid dna

A

small pieces of dna, able to replicate independently

135
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • selectively allows some substances to pass through it
136
Q

cell comparison

A 
P
- small
- unicellular
- don't have nucleus 
- lack internal membrane 
- circular dna 
E
- large
- multicellular
- have membrane and nucleus 
- dna linear chromosome
137
Q

passive transport

A
  • movement of molecules without needing energy
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
  • high to low
138
Q

3 types of diffusion

A
  • through lipid bilayer
  • through channel
  • facilitated
139
Q

diffusion through lipid bilayer

A

allow free passage of some molecules

140
Q

diffusion through channel

A
  • molecules transported through central core

- channel protein

141
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

molecule attaches to protein

  • membrane will change shape to transport molecule
  • carrier protein
142
Q

active transport

A

move substances abasing concentration gradient

  • low to high
  • requires energy
143
Q

vesicular transport

A
  • moves substance across membrane in vesicles
  • needs energy to form vesicles
  • endocytosis, exocytosis
144
Q

endocytosis

A
  • into the cell
  • membrane folds around a particle (completely enclosed)
  • vesicle suspends into the cells cytoplasm
  • pinocytosis - taking in liquids
  • phagocytosis - taking in solids
145
Q

exocytosis

A
  • out of the cell
  • vesicle formed inside migrates to cell membrane and fuses
  • contents of vesicle them pushes out
146
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

animal cell - alot of space open round

plant cell - packed long oval shape

147
Q

animal cell structure

A
  • vacuole
  • golgi apparatus
  • mitochondrion
  • ribosomes
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • endoplasmic reticulum
148
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

intracellular and intercellular transport

149
Q

nucleolus

A

involved in the manufacture of proteins within the cell

150
Q

nucleus

A

coordinates all cells activity

151
Q

mitochondrion

A

site of cellular respiration

152
Q

golgi apparatus

A

system of membrane that packages and stores substances before their release

153
Q

vacuole

A

storage sac

154
Q

cell wall

A

provides extra support and protection

155
Q

large permanent vacuole

A

fluid filled space that stores material

156
Q

chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis

157
Q

plant cell structure

A
  • cell wall
  • membrane
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • chloroplast
  • large permanent vacuole
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondrion
158
Q

determining between animal and plant cell

A
  • does it have a cell wall and membrane or just membrane

- does it have a large permanent vacuole

159
Q

microscope parts

A
  • eyepeice ocular
  • arm
  • nose piece
  • objective lens
  • stage
  • stage clips
  • course adjustment knob
  • fine adjustment knob
  • lamb
  • base
  • condenser lens
160
Q

FOV calculations

A

if total magnification is multiplied by 10 fov needs to be divided by 10
- do the opposite from total magnification

161
Q

mm - um

A

x 1000

162
Q

why are enzymes vital for all living things

A
  • biological reactions doesn’t occur quickly
  • not enough energy therefore no life
  • keep alive and perform reactions within our bodies
163
Q

all plant cells cantina these at some stage

A

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

164
Q

letter under microscope

A

flipped upside down

then to the right or to the side

165
Q

carbs and fats differ

A

in the ratio of elements present

166
Q

um

A

micrometres

167
Q

um - mm

A

divided by 1000

168
Q

aerobic respiration process site

A

cytoplasm and mitochondria

169
Q

aerobic respiration products produced in yeast

A

CO2 and H20

170
Q

aerobic respiration produced in animals

A

CO2 and H20

171
Q

aerobic respiration ATP produced

A

36

172
Q

anaerobic respiration process site

A

cytoplasm

173
Q

anaerobic respiration products in yeast

A

ethanol CO2

174
Q

anaerobic respiration products in animals

A

2 lactic acid molecules

175
Q

anaerobic respiration ATP produced

A

2

176
Q

organism which alcoholic fermentation occurs

A

bacteria

177
Q

aerobic respiration

A

requires oxygen
glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water + ATP
- glycolysis and citric acid cycle

178
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose - 2 ATP and pyruvate

  • occurs in the cytoplasm
  • in animals pyruvate is covered to lactic acid
  • in plants pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2
179
Q

citric acid cycle

A

pyruvate + 6O2 – 6CO2 + 6H2O
goes to carbon dioxide and water and ATP
- occurs in the mitochondria
- 2 ATP produced

180
Q

anaerobic respiration

A
  • doesn’t require oxygen
  • lactic acid fermentation
    glucose - lactic acid + ATP
  • occurs in the cytoplasm
  • glyolcysis
181
Q

yeast

A

alcohol

182
Q

ATP

A
  • energy carrier for cells
  • small
  • rechargeable
  • reusable
  • releases energy to drive chemical reactions
  • energy is used to ATP synthesis
183
Q

counter current exchange

A
  • where the water from the ocean flows oppositely to the blood in the vessels
  • both start with high concentration then decrease to low concentration
  • fish needs to constantly move in order to maintain concentration gradient
184
Q

concurrent exchange

A

water in the environment move in the same direction as the blood
- going from high to low concentration

185
Q

organic nutrients

A

carbs
proteins
lipids
NA

186
Q

enzyme function

A
  • both models enzymes are unaffected and reused in other reactions
  • enzyme function is carried out under specific conditions that relate to the specific functions of each species
  • enzyme function will be reduced or stoped it conditions more out of optimum range
  • factors affecting include temp, ph, substrate concentration etc
187
Q

electron transport chain

A
  • occurs in mitochonria
  • pyruvate + 6O2 - 6CO2 + 6H20
    34 ATP

biology year 11 (9 decks)

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