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biology year 11 > ecosystems > Flashcards

ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

classification naming

A
  • binomial nonmenclature
  • latin
  • italics
  • genus is capitalized (first part)
  • species is lower case (second part)
  • carols ligneous developed the system
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2
Q

classification

A

method for finding the identity of something

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3
Q

why classify

A
  • to study the diversity of life

- organs and name organisms

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4
Q

dichotomous key

A
  • divided into 2 parts

- lead to another question till its identified

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5
Q

methods of reproduction

A

sexual - egg and sperm from 2 parents
internal: sperm and egg unite inside the females body e.g. human
external: sperm and egg unite outside the body e.g. frog
hermaphrodite: male and female reproductive organs in one body e.g. tapeworm
asexual - offspring come from a single organism

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6
Q

domain

A
  • eukarya
  • bacteria
  • archaea
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7
Q

kingdom

A
  • archebacteria
  • eubacteria
  • protista
  • plantae
  • fungi
  • animalia
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8
Q

invertebrates

A
  • no vertebrate/backbone

- 95% of all animals

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9
Q

radial symmetry

A
  • parts extend from the centre of the body
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10
Q

bilateral symmetry

A
  • mirror image, left/right sides
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11
Q

vertebrates

A 
- have backbones, vertebral columns 
5 main groups 
- mammals
- birds
- amphibians
- fish 
- reptiles
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12
Q

mammals

A
  • give brith to live young
  • nurse young with milk
  • have lungs and need air to breathe
  • warm blooded
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13
Q

birds

A
  • have feathers, 2 wings
  • lay eggs
  • warm blooded
  • breathe through lungs
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14
Q

amphibians

A
  • live in land and water
  • may undergo metamorphosis, start living under water using gills then develop lungs to live on land
  • cold blooded
  • webbed feet
  • frog
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15
Q

fish

A
  • breathe underwater using gills
  • have scales and fins
  • cold blooded
  • lay eggs
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16
Q

reptiles

A
  • lay eggs on land
  • cold blooded
  • live on water and land
  • most hibernate
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17
Q

species

A
  • morphological
  • genetic similarity
  • the ability to interbreed to produce fertile offspring in natural conditions
  • up to 100 million species
  • many are extinct
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18
Q

biological species concept

A
  • groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other groups
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19
Q

limitations in species

A
  • ring species
  • clines
  • hybrids/cross breeding
  • collaborations between species
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20
Q

ring species

A
  • situation in which 2 populations do not interbreed but are connected by a geographic ring of populations that can interbreed
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21
Q

clines

A
  • forms of species that exhibit gradual phenotype or genetic differences
  • as a result of different environment
  • many manifest in time or space
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22
Q

hybrids/cross breeding

A
  • some species interbreed/ mate with one another and produce offspring
  • unless this offspring is fertile it is technically not a species
  • artificial selection = cross breeding unnatural situations
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23
Q

collaborations between species

A
  • combined life form has properties that are very different fro properties of its component organism
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24
Q

ecology

A
  • study of the relationship between organisms and their abiotic and biotic factors
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25
Q

environments

A

terrestrial - climatic variation e.g. tundra desert

aquatic - marine/freshwater

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26
Q

factors affecting ecosystems

A
  • abiotic: temperature, wind speed
  • biotic: producers, consumers, predators
  • physical gradients: habitats
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27
Q

energy flow

A
  • all organisms require energy (heat,cheimcal,mechanical)
  • for growth
  • maintenance
  • reproduction
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28
Q

autotrophs

A
  • producers
  • use the suns energy to make their own food
  • photoautotrophs: use photosynthesis to fix carbon and energy and store it in food
  • chemoautotrophs: use inorganic energy sources to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide
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29
Q

heterotrophs

A
  • consumers
  • cannot manufacture its own food
  • intake of nutrition is from other animals/plants
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30
Q

energy in ecosystems

A
  • matter is recycled, energy isn’t
  • need a constant input of new energy from the sun
  • energy is lost as heat to the atmosphere
31
Q

most productive ecosystem have

A
  • high temp
  • plenty of water
  • high soil nutrition
32
Q

symbiosis

A

parasitism: one species benefits at the expense of the other
mutualism: both species benefit and neither is harmed
commensalism: one species benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed

33
Q

food chain problems

A
  • too simplistic
  • no detritivores
  • chains too long
34
Q

ecology rules

A
  • everything is connected
  • everything must go somewhere
  • there is no such thing as free lunch
35
Q

productivity

A
  • the rate at which energy is added to the bodies of a group of organisms in the form of biomass
36
Q

biomass

A
  • the amount of matter thats stored in the bodies of organisms
37
Q

primary productivity

A
  • the productivity of the primary producers of an ecosystem
    gross primary productivity: the rate at which solar energy is captured in sugar molecules during photosynthesis
    net primary productivity: gpp - the rate of energy loss to metabolism and maintenance
  • rate at which energy is stored as biomass by plants and made available to the consumers in the ecosystem
38
Q

secondary productivity

A

the generation of biomass of heterotrophic organisms in a system

39
Q

primary productivity depends on

A
  • light intensity
  • temperature
  • water
  • mineral supply
40
Q

trophic levels

A

1 - producers e.g. tree
2 - herbivores e.g. cow
3 - primary carnivore e.g. wolf
4 - secondary carnivore e.g. killer whale
5 - omnivore e.g. bear
6 - detritivores/ decomposers e.g. tapeworm
energy is lost as heat from each level via respiration

41
Q

producers

A

make their own food from simple inorganic substances
> waste: metabolic waste products are released
> reflected light: unused solar radiation is reflected off the surface of the organism
> eaten by consumers
> dead tissue: becomes food for decomposers

42
Q

herbivores/ carnivores

A
  • feed on other organisms to obtain their energy
    > waste: e.g. urine
    > eaten by consumers: carnivores, omnivores
    > dead tissue: becomes food for decomposers
    > growth and reproduction: new offspring as well as growth and weight gain
    < food: consumers obtain their energy from plant tissue
43
Q

decomposers

A
  • obtain their nutrients from the breakdown of dead organic matter
    > waste: metabolic waste is released
    > growth and reproduction: new tissue created mostly in the form of offspring
    < dead tissue of producers and consumers
44
Q

energy transformations

A
  • green plants use the suns energy to produce glucose via photosynthesis
  • chemical energy stored in glucose files metabolism
    photosynthesis - provides O2 and absorbs CO2
    cellular respiration - organisms break down energy rich in molecules to release the energy in a useable form
45
Q

pyramid of energy

A
  • depicts the energy flow or productivity of each level

- each higher level must be smaller then the lower levels due to loss of energy via respiration

46
Q

pyramid of numbers

A
  • the number of organisms in each level
47
Q

pyramid of biomass

A
  • biomass present in each level
  • biomass can be equated to energy
  • dry weight in each level at a time
48
Q

inverted pyramids

A
  • a higher level may have a larger standing crop the a lower level
  • can occur if lower levels have a high rate of turnover of small organisms
49
Q

biodiversity

A

the variety of life on earth and the interdependence of all living things

50
Q

why protect biodiversity

A

moral: right to exist, stewardship
economic: valuable resources, ecotourism, medicines
ecological: maintain ecosystem health, productivity
legal: have to by law
aesthetic: interest, curiosity

51
Q

causes of biodiversity loss

A
  • habitat loss/change: less food, shelter
  • invasive/feral species: predators, compete for food
  • climate change: affects breeding, food, habitat
  • overexploitation: hunting etc reduces population size
  • pollution
52
Q

nomenclature/ taxonomic levels

A 
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
dumb kings play chess on folding glass stools
53
Q

nitrogen cycle

A
  • nitrogen atoms cycle between the biotic and abiotic environment
  • nitrogen fixing bacteria are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen
  • nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate
  • denitrifying bacteria return fixed nitrogen to the atmosphere
54
Q

carbon cycle

A
  • carbon atoms cycle between biotic (living) and abiotic ( non-living) environments
  • CO2 is fixed in the process of photosynthesis and returned to the atmosphere in respirations
  • humans have disturbed the carbon cycle through activities such as combustion and deforestation
55
Q

biological diversity

A

genetic, species, ecosystem

genetic: gene variation in a population
- from sexual reproduction, fertilisation and crossing over
- in alleles T or t, in individuals TT,Tt,tt
ecosystem: the variety of ecosystem interaction within a community

56
Q

importance of biodiversity

A
  • regulation of climate
  • soil protection
  • pest control
  • ecological stability
57
Q

causes of extinction

A
  • habitat destruction
  • over harvesting
  • displacement of introduced species
58
Q

endangered

A

species are in danger of extinction throughout part or all of their range

59
Q

threatened

A

species have low population sizes are likely to become endangered in the future

60
Q

habitat fragmentation

A
  • cause of biodiversity decline
  • cuts continuous habitat into smaller parts
  • patches grow further apart, organisms can’t move between them
61
Q

lose of biodiversity makes ecosystems

A
  • less stable
  • more vulnerable to extreme events
  • weakens natural cycles
62
Q

human activities that disrupt ecosystems

A
  • pollution
  • introduction of non-native species
  • over harvesting of fish
63
Q

sustainability

A

higher biodiversity = more sustainable

lower biodiversity = less sustainable

64
Q

preserving earths biodiversity

A

off site conservation
- species to be protected are removed from their natural habitats and placed in safer controlled areas
on site conservation
- protection of species within the natural habitat

65
Q

keystone species

A
  • species whose influences on ecological communities is greater then would be expected on the basis of their abundance
  • more influential in ecosystem stability
66
Q

diversity indices

A
  • best ways to determine health of an ecosystem is to measure the variety of organisms living in it
67
Q

relationship

A

predation - one organism eats another
competition - struggle between different organisms for the same limited resources
collaboration - occurs between organisms in a group against predators, involves species benefitting each other
symbiosis
disease - reduces the survival of others by causing illness or by weakening the organism so that it becomes easier prey for predators

68
Q

interrelationships

A

beneficial - mutualism, commensalism
detrimental - relationships between organisms that may harm each others chance of survival eh parasitism, predation, competition

69
Q

niche

A
  • the way an organism lives and the role it plays in an ecosystem
  • each organism has adapted to life in its habitat
  • no two species share the same niche
70
Q

fundamental niche

A
  • region of the environment which a species can persist indefinitely
  • no competition
71
Q

realized niche

A

results from competition and is the area to which species are most highly adapted and commonly found

72
Q

ecological niche

A

all factors that a species needs to survive

73
Q

biomagnification

A
  • the accumulation of non-biodegradable matter in the tissue of one organism passed along form the previous organism in the food chain
  • concentration of the chemical increases with increasing tropic levels
  • higher order consumers are at greater risk because they eat a large number of lower order consumers
74
Q

DDT

A
  • a synthetic insecticide that is non biodegradable
  • thins egg shells
  • saved a lot of humans lives from mosquito disease
  • dangerous effect on many animals

biology year 11 (9 decks)

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