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biology year 11 > body systems and plants > Flashcards

body systems and plants Flashcards

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1
Q

gas exchange

A
  • process by which the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between cells of an organism and the environment
  • occurs by diffusion across a plasma membrane
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2
Q

breathing

A
  • in order to extract oxygen from the air, air must enter the gas exchange area of the body and diffuse into cells
  • air is moved in and out of the lungs by movement of the ribs and diaphragm
  • diffusion difference for oxygen traveling rom the alveolus to red blood ells is very short
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3
Q

exchange across whole body surface - aquatic

A
  • small animal only
  • large surface area to volume ratio
  • body shapes are long and thin
    e. g. earth worms and jelly wish
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4
Q

exchange across external gills

A
  • gills can be damaged due to their delicate structure
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5
Q

exchange across internal gills

A
  • water pass over the gills must be actively moving to maintain concentration gradient
  • gills are protected from damage by being houses inside the animal
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6
Q

bird lung

A
  • have high demand for oxygen
  • metabolism is high and flight requires a lot of oxygen
  • very efficient gas exchange system
  • have air sacs to enable one way flow through lungs
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7
Q

bird lungs efficiency

A
  • large surface area - many tiny air capillaries
  • diffusion - short, thin walls
  • moist - air capillaires are wet, conserve moisture
  • maintaining a concentration gradient - air flows in one direction through the lungs regardless of inhaling or exhaling
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8
Q

why do fish suffocate

A
  • when out of water fish gill filaments stick together
  • reducing SA of gills
  • gases are not exchanged as when in wtaer
  • not enough O2 supply or CO2 removed
  • poisoned by low pH enzymes reduce function
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9
Q

exchange at the end of fine tubes through the body

A
  • air diffuses through a tubular network
  • spiracles
  • insects breathe through spiracles
  • air enters spiracles allowing oxygen to travel along a network of tubes to reach cells
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10
Q

mammal lungs

A
  • most efficient form of gas exchange in terrestrial environment
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11
Q

mammal lung efficiency

A

large surface area - many small alveoli
diffusion short - thin capillary walls
moist - wet lining of alveolus
maintaining concentration gradient - air is exhaled and replaced with fresh inhaled air
- blood returns to heart to get pumped around the body

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12
Q

diaphragm

A
  • relaxed and loose is inhaled

- brought up is exhaled

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13
Q

digestive system

A
  • the process when large complex molecule ae broken down into simple substances
  • animals make energy using food and oxygen
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14
Q

teeth

A 
carnivore - sharp ripping teeth
- incisors, canines, premolar, moler
herbivore - wide grinding teeth 
- premolar, molars 
omnivore - both kinds of teeth 
- incisors, canines, premolar, molar
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15
Q

digestive system - herbivore and omnivore

A
  • long digestive system
  • harder to digest cellulose
  • bacteria in intestines help
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16
Q

carnivores digestive system

A
  • short digestive system

- protein easier to digest then cellulose

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17
Q

ruminant

A
  • chewing partly digested food a second time in order to soften it.
    teeth - some have no upper incisors or canines
    large foregut - stomach has 4 chambers (ruman, reticulum, omasum, abomasum)
    foregut fermenter - very large stomach, small intestine e.g. sheep and cows
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18
Q

non-ruminant

A

handgun fermenter -small stomach and large intestine/colon
simple digestive system - sharp incisors and no canines, long gut with hind gut
e.g. humans horse rabbit

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19
Q

poultry

A

beak - no teeth can’t chew
crop - stores food
gizzard - crushes food using grit stones
vent - one opening for waste and reproduction

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20
Q

ingestion

A
  • taking in of nutrients into mouth
    adaptations - organisms choosing suitable food for ingestion
  • mouth parts assist in feeding behavior
  • physical features that assist in catching food e.g. cheetah - speed
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21
Q

digestion

A
  • chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into small molecules that can be absorbed
    adaptations
  • structure/ shape and number of teeth
  • structure of tract
  • indicate the foods an animal can digest
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22
Q

absorption

A
  • the taking up of digested molecules into the internal environment of the cells digestive tract
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23
Q

egestion

A

the removal of waste food materials from the body

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24
Q

digestion main roles

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. absorption
  4. egestion
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25
Q

carnivore

A

organisms that kills and eat animals e.g. fox

26
Q

omnivore

A

organism that eats both living plants or parts of them e.g. humans

27
Q

mechanical digestion

A
  • when large pieces pf food are broken down into smaller parts through chewing or muscular movement in the stomach
  • aim is to increase the surface area of food so it can be acted on by enzymes in chemical digestion
28
Q

chemical digestion

A

when enzymes break down complex substances into their simplest form
e.g. carbs - glucose

29
Q

ruman

A
  • the first and largest section of the stomach
  • solid feed is mixed and partially broken down
  • the human contains millions of bacteria and other microbes that promote fermentation
30
Q

circulatory system 4 main function

A
  • transportation of water , oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • distribution of nutrients and removal of wastes
  • maintenance of body temperature
  • circulation of hormones
31
Q

small organisms CS

A
  • arthropods e.g. insects and snails
  • open circulatory system
  • fluids circulation are not fully enclosed in blood vessels
  • heart pops the lymph into large spaces and bathes the cells with nutrients and then re-enters the heart
32
Q

animal transport

A
  • size and shape of animals effects the ways nutrients and gases are transported to/from cells
33
Q

small/flat animals CS

A

e. g. flat worms, jelly fish
- habitat - aquatic or high moisture region
- environement moves materials past cells
- large SA: vol ratio therefore substances diffuse in and out of their bodies fast
- no heart, blood vessels or blood
- limited by the need for a high moisture environment

34
Q

large animals CS

A
  • large and or metabolically active organisms
  • e.g. fish, birds and mammals
  • aquatic or terrestrial environments
  • closed circulation - blood circulates inside network of blood vessels
  • muscular heart pumps blood through blood vessels under pressure
    2,3 or 4 chambered heart
35
Q

fish Cs

A
  • 2 chambered heart (atrium and ventricle)
  • closed circulation
  • single circulation
36
Q

amphibians CS

A

3 chambered heart
- left atrium, right atrium and ventricle
- double circulation
4 chambers
- right and left side
- double circulation
- right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
- blood then returns to the left side and is piped to the rest of the body
- each side has 2 chambers atrium and ventricle

37
Q

open vs closed system

A 
define 
o - heart pumps into open cavity 
c - heart pumps into network of vessels
heart 
o- more then 1 
c-1
vessel 
o - none or few
c - elaborate network 
pressure 
o - low pressure slow movement
c - high pressure fast movement
38
Q

arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart
  • blood under great pressure
  • thick, more muscular walls
39
Q

veins

A
  • carry blood to the heart
  • blood under less pressure
  • thinner walls, less muscles
40
Q

capillaries

A
  • move blood between veins, arteries and cells
  • low pressure
  • thin walls, 1 cell thick
  • huge surface area for exchange
41
Q

water balance

A

plants use water to :
- keep cool
- photosynthesis and support other chemical reactions
- keeps cells firm and supported
- transport minerals up
water is:
- absorbed through hypertonic root hair cells
- transport up the stem by capillary action
- lost by transpiration from leaves

42
Q

root hairs

A
  • long, very thin, increase SA:Vol ratio

- hypertonic so osmosis moves water into the root hairs

43
Q

stems and vascular bundles

A
  • vascular bundle = xylem+phloem+cambium
44
Q

xylem

A
  • carries water and minerals up from the roots
  • via capillary action
  • wide hollow pipes
45
Q

phloem

A
  • carries sucrose up and down from the leaves
  • companion cells and sieve cells are living
  • narrow
  • water from xylem moves into phloem via osmosis
46
Q

cambium

A
  • divides xylem and phloem

- making stem thicker and stronger

47
Q

transpiration

A
  • water evaporates from leaves while the stomata are open for the exchange of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis
48
Q

abiotic factors affecting transpiration

A

light intensity - more light increases transpiration, stimulates guard ells to take in water ad eon to allow CO2 to diffuse in for photosynthesis
temperature - hotter increases diffusion and transpiration, water evaporates quicker
humidity - high humidity reduces transpiration, when surrounding air is dry diffusion of water is faster, increasing diffusion gradient increases water loss
soil water - wet soil increases transpiration, plants can’t keep transpiring rapidly if water lost is not replaced

49
Q

translocation

A
  • transport of sugars and amino acids to all parts of the plant, this is rapid and requires energy
  • sucrose is actively pumped from photosynthetic cells into sieve cells
  • energy for this is from companion cells, sucrose moves into phloem
  • draws water in from xylem, sucrose leaves the sieve cells tp be used by the plant for cellular respiration
50
Q

adhesion

A
  • water rises in the narrow vessels partly because water molecules are attached to the walls
51
Q

cohesion

A
  • water molecules are attached to each other and as water evaporates from the leaves columns of water are drawn up through the xylem vessel
52
Q

ring barking tree

A
  • removal of a strip of bark from circumference of tree
  • woody plants have vascular bundles in outer ring
  • removes phloem
  • sugars can’t be carried down to roots, roots de due to lack of energy for respiration
53
Q

water movement in plants

A
  • water enters hypertonic root hairs
  • water moves to xylem in the centre of the root
  • water moves up xylem tubes
  • water leaves xylem into the leaf moving into spongy layer by osmosis
  • water evaporates into the spaces behind the stomata and diffuses into the air
54
Q

leaf structure

A 
- cuticle
upper epidermis 
palisades layer
spongy layer - xylem, phloem
lower epidermis 
stomata and guard cells
55
Q

upper epidermis

A
  • layers of cells covered by waxy cuticle, prevents water loss
56
Q

xylem leaf structure

A
  • vascular tissue that transports photoysnthetic products out of leaves
57
Q

guard cells

A

open and close stomata, control respiration

58
Q

palisades layer

A

contain chloroplasts at top for maximum light absorption

59
Q

spongy layer

A
  • produce spot for gas exchange and large spaces for air and water vapor
60
Q

xerophytes

A

live in deserts where water is scarce and evaporation is rapid

61
Q

adaptations

A
  • waxy cuticle, thick epidermis - reduces transpiration, water proof
  • leaves small, shed leaves - store water, less SA for evaporation
  • stomata on lower leaf - smaller SA for diffusion
  • sunken stomata, hairs - keep humid air in stomata, reduces diffusion
  • reversed stomatal rhythm, open at night - cooler, more humid, reduces diffusion

biology year 11 (9 decks)

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