Exam #7 Terms (Clinical and Social Psychology) Flashcards
What is a psychological disorder?
A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
What is a medical model?
The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
What is epigenetics?
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.
What is the DSM-5?
The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
What is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.
What are anxiety disorders?
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
What is social anxiety disorder?
Intense fear and avoidance of social situations.
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
What is a panic disorder?
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack.
What is agoraphobia?
Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.
What is a phobia?
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.
What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
What is major depressive disorder?
A disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure.
What is bipolar disorder?
A disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
What is mania?
A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.
What is rumination?
Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes.
What is schizophrenia?
A disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression.
What are psychotic disorders?
A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.
What are hallucinations?
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
What is a delusion?
A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
What is chronic schizophrenia?
A form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.
What is acute schizophrenia?
A form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age; frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event.
What is somatic symptom disorder?
A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.
What is conversion disorder?
A disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that are not compatible with recognized medical or neurological conditions.
What is illness anxiety disorder?
A disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.
What are dissociative disorders?
Controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
What is dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.
What are personality disorders?
Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
What is antisocial personality disorder?
A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
What is anorexia nervosa?
An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.
What is bulimia nervosa?
An eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
What is binge-eating disorder?
Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa.
What is psychotherapy?
Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.
What is biomedical therapy?
Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology.
What is the eclectic approach?
An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
What is psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist’s interpretations of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
What is resistance?
In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.
What is interpretation?
In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
What is transference?
In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships.
What is psychodynamic therapy?
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight.
What are insight therapies?
Therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
What is client-centered therapy?
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate client’s growth.
What is active listening?
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies.
What is unconditional positive regard?
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
What is behavior therapy?
Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
What is counterconditioning?
Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
What are exposure therapies?
Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid.
What is systematic desensitization?
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.
What is virtual reality exposure therapy?
A counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears.
What is aversive conditioning?
A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.
What is token economy?
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats.
