Exam #7 Terms (Clinical and Social Psychology) Flashcards
What is a psychological disorder?
A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
What is a medical model?
The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
What is epigenetics?
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.
What is the DSM-5?
The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
What is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.
What are anxiety disorders?
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
What is social anxiety disorder?
Intense fear and avoidance of social situations.
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
What is a panic disorder?
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack.
What is agoraphobia?
Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.
What is a phobia?
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.
What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
What is major depressive disorder?
A disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure.
What is bipolar disorder?
A disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
What is mania?
A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.
What is rumination?
Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes.
What is schizophrenia?
A disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression.
What are psychotic disorders?
A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.
What are hallucinations?
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
What is a delusion?
A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
What is chronic schizophrenia?
A form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.
What is acute schizophrenia?
A form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age; frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event.
What is somatic symptom disorder?
A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.
What is conversion disorder?
A disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that are not compatible with recognized medical or neurological conditions.
What is illness anxiety disorder?
A disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.
What are dissociative disorders?
Controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
What is dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.
What are personality disorders?
Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
What is antisocial personality disorder?
A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
What is anorexia nervosa?
An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.
What is bulimia nervosa?
An eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
What is binge-eating disorder?
Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa.
What is psychotherapy?
Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.
What is biomedical therapy?
Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology.
What is the eclectic approach?
An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
What is psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist’s interpretations of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
What is resistance?
In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.
What is interpretation?
In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
What is transference?
In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships.
What is psychodynamic therapy?
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight.
What are insight therapies?
Therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
What is client-centered therapy?
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate client’s growth.
What is active listening?
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies.
What is unconditional positive regard?
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
What is behavior therapy?
Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
What is counterconditioning?
Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
What are exposure therapies?
Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid.
What is systematic desensitization?
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.
What is virtual reality exposure therapy?
A counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears.
What is aversive conditioning?
A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.
What is token economy?
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats.
What is cognitive therapy?
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
What is rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?
A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions.
What is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy.
What is group therapy?
Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction.
What is family therapy?
Therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.
What is meta-analysis?
A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.
What is evidence-based practice?
Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.
What is therapeutic alliance?
A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem.
What is psychopharmacology?
The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.
What are antipsychotic drugs?
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.
What are antianxiety drugs?
Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.
What are antidepressant drugs?
Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)?
The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
What is psychosurgery?
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
What is a lobotomy?
A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
What is resilience?
The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.
What is post-traumatic growth?
Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.
What is social psychology?
The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
What is the attribution theory?
The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.
What is fundamental attribution error?
The tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
What is attitude?
Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
What is the peripheral route persuasion?
Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.
What is the central route to persuasion?
Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.
What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
What is a role?
A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
What is cognitive dissonance theory?
The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
What are norms?
Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior.
What is conformity?
Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
What is normative social influence?
Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
What is informational social influence?
Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.
What is social facilitation?
Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
What is social loafing?
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
What is deindividuation?
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
What is group polarization?
The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
What is groupthink?
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
What is culture?
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
What is prejudice?
An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
What is a stereotype?
A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
What is discrimination?
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
What is just-world phenomenon?
The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
What is an ingroup?
People with whom we share a common identity.
What is an outgroup?
Those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.
What is ingroup bias?
The tendency to favor our own group.
What is the scapegoat theory?
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
What is the other-race effect?
The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.
What is aggression?
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.
What is the frustration-aggression principle?
The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression.
What is a social script?
A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.
What is the mere exposure effect?
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
What is passionate love?
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship.
What is companionate love?
The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
What is equity?
A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
What is self-disclosure?
The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others.
What is altruism?
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
What is the bystander effect?
The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
What is the social exchange theory?
The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
What is the reciprocity norm?
An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
What is the social-responsibility norm?
An expectation that people will help those needing their help.
What is conflict?
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
What is a social trap?
A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
What is mirror-image perceptions?
Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
What is self-fulfilling prophecy?
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
What are superordinate goals?
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
What is GRIT?
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction-a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.
What are lymphocytes?
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the immune response. B-lymphocytes form in bone marrow and release anti-bodies that fight bacterial infections. T-lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissues and attack cancer cells, viruses, and other foreign substances.
What are alternative medical systems?
Therapies used in place of traditional medicine.
What are mind-body interventions?
Techniques designed to enhance the mind’s capacity to affect bodily function and symptoms.
What are biologically based therapies?
Therapies using natural substances.
What are manipulative and body-based healing methods?
Based on manipulation and/or movement of one or more parts of the body.
What are energy therapies?
Therapies using presumed energy fields.
What are Axis I, II, III, IV, and V?
Axis I-Is a clinical syndrome present?
Axis II-Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?
Axis III-Is a General Medical Condition, such as diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis also present?
Axis IV-Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems, such as school or housing issues, also present?
Axis V-What is the Global Assessment of this person’s functioning (0-100)?
What are the features of the un-DSM?
Wisdom, knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
What is paranoid schizophrenia?
Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity.
What is disorganized schizophrenia?
Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat, inappropriate emotion.
What is catatonic schizophrenia?
Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrot like repeating of another’s speech or movements.
What is residual schizophrenia?
Withdrawal after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared.
What is tardive dsykinesia?
Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side-effect of long term use of anti-psychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors.
What are avoidant personality disorders?
Expressed as anxiety, such as fearful sensitivity to rejection that results in withdrawn social behavior.
What are schizoid personality disorders?
Eccentric behaviors, such as emotionless disengagement.
