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AP Psychology > Exam #5 Terms (Motivation, Emotions, Stress, Health, and Personality) > Flashcards

Exam #5 Terms (Motivation, Emotions, Stress, Health, and Personality) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

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2
Q

What is an instinct?

A

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

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3
Q

What is a physiological need?

A

A basic bodily requirement.

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4
Q

What is the drive-reduction theory?

A

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

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5
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level.

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6
Q

What is an incentive?

A

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

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7
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

A

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

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8
Q

What is the hierarchy of needs?

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

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9
Q

What is glucose?

A

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

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10
Q

What is the set point?

A

The point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lower metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight.

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11
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?

A

The body’s resting rate of energy output.

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12
Q

What is obesity?

A

Defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher.

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13
Q

What is asexuality?

A

Having no sexual attraction to others.

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14
Q

What is testosterone?

A

The most important male sex hormone.

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15
Q

What are estrogens?

A

Sex hormones that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than males.

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16
Q

What is the sexual response cycle?

A

The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

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17
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

In human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm.

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18
Q

What is the affiliation need?

A

The need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.

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19
Q

What is ostracism?

A

Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups.

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20
Q

What is narcissism?

A

Excessive self-love and self-absorption.

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21
Q

What is emotion?

A

A response of the whole organism, including physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

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22
Q

What is the James-Lange theory?

A

The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus > arousal > emotion.

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23
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

A

The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion.

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24
Q

What is the two-factor theory?

A

The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.

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25
Q

What is a polygraph?

A

A machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion.

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26
Q

What is the facial feedback effect?

A

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

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27
Q

What is the behavior feedback effect?

A

The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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28
Q

What is stress?

A

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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29
Q

What is general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases-alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

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30
Q

What is the tend-and-befriend response?

A

Under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others.

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31
Q

What is health psychology?

A

A subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.

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32
Q

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

A

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

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33
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

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34
Q

What is the Type A personality?

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

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35
Q

What is the Type B personality?

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

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36
Q

What is catharsis?

A

In psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

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37
Q

What is aerobic exercise?

A

Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety.

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38
Q

What is mindfulness meditation?

A

A reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner.

39
Q

What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon?

A

People’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood.

40
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

41
Q

What is subjective well-being?

A

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.

42
Q

What is the adaptation-level phenomenon?

A

Our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

43
Q

What is relative deprivation?

A

The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

44
Q

What is personality?

A

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

45
Q

What are the psychodynamic theories?

A

Theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

46
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

47
Q

What is the unconscious?

A

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

48
Q

What is free association?

A

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

49
Q

What is the id?

A

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

50
Q

What is the ego?

A

The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

51
Q

What is the superego?

A

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

52
Q

What are the psychosexual stages?

A

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

53
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

54
Q

What is identification?

A

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos.

55
Q

What is fixation?

A

The psychoanalytic theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

56
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

57
Q

What is repression?

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banished from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

58
Q

What is the collective unconscious?

A

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

59
Q

What is a projective test?

A

A personality test that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.

60
Q

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

61
Q

What is the Rorschach inkblot test?

A

The most widely used projective test; a set of ten inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

62
Q

What is terror-management theory?

A

A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

63
Q

What are the humanistic theories?

A

Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

64
Q

What is self-actualization?

A

According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

65
Q

What is self-transcendence?

A

According to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self.

66
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

67
Q

What is self-concept?

A

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

68
Q

What is a trait?

A

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

69
Q

What is personality inventory?

A

A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

70
Q

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

A

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

71
Q

What is an empirically derived test?

A

A test created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups.

72
Q

What is the social-cognitive perspective?

A

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

73
Q

What is the behavioral approach?

A

Focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development.

74
Q

What is reciprocal determinism?

A

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

75
Q

What is the self?

A

In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

76
Q

What is the spotlight effect?

A

Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

77
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

One’s feelings of high or low self-worth.

78
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

One’s sense of competence and effectiveness.

79
Q

What is self-serving bias?

A

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

80
Q

What is individualism?

A

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

81
Q

What is collectivism?

A

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly.

82
Q

What is conscientiousness?

A

Organized vs. Disorganized
Careful vs. Careless
Disciplined vs. Impulsive

83
Q

What is agreeableness?

A

Soft-hearted vs. Ruthless
Trusting vs. Suspicious
Helpful vs. Uncooperative

84
Q

What is neuroticism?

A

Calm vs. Anxious
Secure vs. Insecure
Self-satisfied vs. Self-pitying

85
Q

What is openness?

A

Imaginative vs. Practical
Preference for variety vs. Routine
Independence vs. Conforming

86
Q

What is extraversion?

A

Sociable vs. Retiring
Fun-loving vs. Sober
Affectionate vs. Reserved

87
Q

What are the “big five” personality factors (CANOE)?

A

C-Conscientiousness
A-Agreeableness
N-Neuroticism
O-Openness
E-Extraversion

88
Q

What is the external locus of control?

A

The perception that chance or outside forces determine our fate.

89
Q

What is the internal locus of control?

A

The belief that we are in control of our own destiny.

90
Q

Where do feelings of love occur?

A

In the caudate nucleus and the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-the center for dopamine producing cells.

91
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

The hopelessness and passive resignation an
animal or human experiences when unable to avoid repeated adverse events.

92
Q

What is projection?

A

Disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to
others. “The thief thinks everyone else is a thief.”

93
Q

What is rationalization?

A

Unconsciously generating self-justifying explanations to hide ourselves from the real reasons behind our actions.

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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