Exam 7 Notes

Question 1

malignant epithelial neoplasm

Answer 1

carcinoma

Question 2

malignant mesenchymal neoplasm

Answer 2

sarcoma

Question 3

round cell tumors

Answer 3

T-LYMMPH
Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Lymphoma
Mast Cell Tumor
Melanoma
Plasma Cell Tumor
Histiocytoma

Question 4

criteria of malignancy

Answer 4

• Anisocytosis & Anisokaryosis
• High Nuclear-to-Cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio * Multinucleation
• Nuclear pleomorphism
• Nuclear molding
• Prominent nucleoli
• Prominent/multiple/variable nucleoli
• Increased or bizarre mitotic figures
• Atypical cytoplasmic vacuolation
• Atypical chromatin pattern

Question 5

anisocytosis and anisokaryosis

Answer 5

variation in cell size, variation in nuclear size

Question 6

high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios

Answer 6

• increased N:C ratios in cells that typically have moderate to low N:C ratios
• common finding in carcinomas!
• consider what is normal! lymphomas: high N:C
  mature squamous cells: low N:C

Question 7

is high N:C ratio evidence of malignancy in lymphoma?

Answer 7

no- normally a high N:C ratio

Question 8

multinucleation

Answer 8

• some cells expected to be multinucleated: macrophages, osteoclasts
• must be considered along with other malignancy

Question 9

nuclear pleomorphism

Answer 9

shapes other than round/oval
indented/cleaves, floriform, amoeboid, medusoid

Question 10

nuclear molding

Answer 10

normal cells should stop growing when they hit other cells, but cancer doesn’t care: the nuclei will grow and mold around each other

Question 11

anisonucleoliosis

Answer 11

variation in nuclear size

Question 12

increased/bizarre mitotic figures

Answer 12

seeing low # of mitotic figures is not considered evidence of manlignancy
- many normal cells divide in health
- increased or atypical mitoses are evidence of malignancy

Question 13

atypical chromatin pattern

Answer 13

• fine chromatin (if normally condensed)
• clumpy or ropy (if normally smooth)
• relative to what is NORMAL

Question 14

benign epithelial neoplasia examples

Answer 14

• adenoma: sebaceious, perianal gland
• adnexal/weird: trichoepithelioma, pilomatricoma
• papilloma

Question 15

malignant epithelial neoplasia examples

Answer 15

• carcinoma
• adenocarcinoma: glandular, AGASACA

Question 16

benign mesenchymal neoplasia examples

Answer 16

• fibroma
• chondroma
• leiomyoma
• lipoma

Question 17

malignant mesenchymal neoplasia examples

Answer 17

sarcoma!
* Osteosarcoma
* Chondrosarcoma
* Hemangiosarcoma
* Soft tissue sarcoma
* Fibrosarcoma
* Liposarcoma
* Perivascular wall tumor
* Hemangiopericytoma
* Peripheral nerve sheath tumor * Myxosarcoma

Question 18

what cellular features do chondrosarcomas have?

Answer 18

pink chondroid matrix behind long drawn out cells

Question 19

round cell classic features

Answer 19

• INDIVIDUALIZED or sheets
• distinct cytoplasmic borders without cell junctions
• high cellularity, round with mostly round nuclei
• solitary, raised hairless mass
• small subset of neoplasms technically mesenchymal in origin
• malignant round cell neoplasm isn’t as straightforward!

Question 20

round cell tumor benign vs malignant?

Answer 20

VT - TVT (rare)
None - Lymphoma
Mast Cell Tumor (low grade) - Mast Cell Tumor (high grade)
Melanocytoma - Melanoma
Plasma Cell Tumor - Myeloma-related Disorder (MRD, aka “multiple myeloma”)
Histiocytoma - Histiocytic Sarcoma

Question 21

transmissible venereal tumor appearance

Answer 21

fried egg!

Question 22

histiocytoma cellular features

Answer 22

bland benign-looking tumor, grows and goes away
they will NOT have the paranuclear clearing and won’t have binucleation. immune system attacks and it goes away

Question 23

histiocytic sarcoma

Answer 23

origin is macrophages! eating RBCs, sometimes can see erythrophagia
anisocytosis and binucleation sometimes visible

Question 24

causes of effusions

Answer 24

1. increased hydrostatic pressure
2. decreased oncotic pressure
3. increased vascular permeability
4. decreased lymphatic drainage

Question 25

main classifications of effusions

Answer 25

1. transudate
2. high protein modified transudate
3. exudate

Question 26

causes of transudate

Answer 26

decreased oncotic pressure (low protein)- albuminemia!

Question 27

causes of high protein modified transudate

Answer 27

increased hydrostatic pressure!

Question 28

causes of exudate

Answer 28

increased vascular permeability: synonymous with inflammation

Question 29

causes of hemorrhagic effusion

Answer 29

increased vascular permeability (ruptured vessels)

Question 30

what is normal effusion?

Answer 30

mild amount of transudation in health
abdomen and thorax
used for lubrication of serosal surfaces
volume: few mL in dog/cat- not enough to sample
0.5-2 L in horses: can get sample and is normal
classified as transudate on fluid analysis

Question 31

color of fluid

Answer 31

• Colorless: Normal fluid, transudates
• Yellow: Icterus
• Red, orange: Blood contamination, hemorrhage
• Green: Bile
• Brown, black: Melanin
• White, tan: Inflammation, neoplasia
• White following centrifugation: Lipid (chylomicrons)

Question 32

clarity of fluids

Answer 32

• Rated clear, hazy, cloudy, or opaque
• Clear
• Normal fluid
• Transudates
• Cloudy * Blood
• Inflammatory cells
• Neoplastic cells
• Chylomicrons (also in supernatant)
• Markedly increased protein

Question 33

total protein

Answer 33

refractometer
pure transudate: TP <2.5
exudate: TP > 3.0 g/dL

Question 34

cell count

Answer 34

automated instrument, hemocytometer, estimate from smear
pure transudate: Cells < 1,500
exudate: cells > 5,000 /uL