Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology Final > Exam 5 Review > Flashcards

Exam 5 Review Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common cause of pathologic hypercalcemia?

A

hypercalcemia of malignancy
- humoral because it’s a hormone! apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of anal sac, lymphoma
- often related to PTH-related protein (PTH-rP)- secreted by neoplastic cells!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

a dog presents with a history of PU/PD. CBC is normal, lymph nodes are normal, and a rectal exam revealed a small mass near her anal opening. what is your suspicion of her hypercalcemia on serum chemistry?

A

hypercalcemia of malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia?

A
  • PU/PD
  • lethargy, weakness, constipation
  • mineralization of soft tissue
  • calcium containing uroliths
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what effect does vitamin D have on Ca and P?

A

increases BOTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what effect does PTH have on Ca and P?

A

increases calcium
decreases phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the major cause of hypocalcemia?

A

HYPOALBUMINEMIA!
40% of calcium is bound to albumin. when albumin decreases, TOTAL calcium decreases! ionized is unchanged.
most common cause of decrease in total calcium!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what abnormalities are seen with primary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • increased total calcium
  • increased ionized calcium
  • increased PTH
  • decreased to normal phosphorus
  • increased to normal calcitrol: PTH stimulates
  • undetectable PTHrP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what causes primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs?

A
  • solitary adenoma
  • autonomously secreting PTH
  • older dogs >10
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what causes hyperphosphatemia?

A
  • decreased GFR!! either from prerenal azotemia (decreased renal blood flow) or renal disease: most common cause!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are non-GFR related causes of hyperphosphatemia?

A
  • vitamin D intoxication
  • excessive P intake
  • primary hypoparathyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a titrational acidosis?

A

increased organic acids: bicarb titrates acid and is used up. anion gap will be increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a secretional acidosis? what disease is it associated with?

A

loss of bicarbonate! anion gap will be normal
addison’s disease!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how do you calculate an anion gap?

A

(Na + K) - (HCO3 + Cl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what contributes to an increased anion gap? what is this called?

A

excess ketones, lactic acid, sulfates, phosphates, uremic acids, ethylene glycol metabolites

called a titrational acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
A
18
Q
A
18
Q
A
19
Q
A
20
Q
A
21
Q
A
22
Q
A
23
Q
A
24
Q
A
25
Q
A
26
Q
A
27
Q
A
28
Q
A
29
Q
A
30
Q
A
31
Q
A
32
Q
A
33
Q
A
34
Q
A
35
Q
A
36
Q
A
37
Q
A
38
Q
A
39
Q
A

Clinical Pathology Final (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions