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Biology-151 2025 > Exam #7: Cell Division, Aging, and Cancer > Flashcards

Exam #7: Cell Division, Aging, and Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 important roles or functions that cell division plays in living organisms.

A

Development
Growth
Repair

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2
Q

What is the name os the special type of division that produces nonidentical daughter cells?

A

Meiosis

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3
Q

Genome

A

All the DNA in a cell

Can be single DNA molecule of number of DNA molecules.

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4
Q

DNA molecules are packaged into _______.

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

A

Binary Fission
- Chromosomes attach to the plasma membrane.
-DNA replication
- The cell elongates
-Chromosome copies are pulled apart.
- The membrane pinches off, and a new cell wall forms.
-Parent cell divides to form genetically identical daughter cells.

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6
Q

What is the function of Mitosis?

A

Ensure an exact duplicate copy of DNA gets into each new daughter cells formed during division.

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7
Q

What is the function of meiosis?

A

Reduce chromosome number to half during gamete formation.

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8
Q

Chromatin

A

When cells are not diving, they are loosely packed during interphase.

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

When DNA condenses and gets thicker, it becomes visible during cell division.

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10
Q

How many chromatids does a chromosome have?

A

2

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11
Q

Homologous Chromosome

A

Similar in shape, size, appearance and types of genes they possess.

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12
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Held together by a centromere.
Double-stranded chromosomes appear after DNA replication.

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13
Q

G1 and G2

A

Where growth and metabolism occur
(interphase)

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14
Q

S

A

DNA replication occurs, and sister chromatids appear after this.

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15
Q

M phase

A

Cell division

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16
Q

Each duplicated chromosome has _________________.

A

Two sister chromatids

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17
Q

During cell division, the two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate and move into 2 nuclei. Once separated, the chromatids are called ________________ ________________.

A

daughter chromosomes

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18
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

Microtubule structure that controls chromosome movement during mitosis.
In animals, it begins in the CENTROSOME.

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19
Q

Processes involving mitotic cell division

A

Growth
Embryonic Development
Repair and upkeep of tissues
Wound healing
asexual reproduction

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20
Q

What check point is the most important in cell division?

A

G1

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21
Q

What occurs if the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal in checkpoint G1?

A

It will exit the cycle and switch into a non-dividing state called G0

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22
Q

MPF (maturation-promoting factor)

A

Triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase.

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23
Q

Growth Factors

A

Proteins released by certain cells stimulate other cells to divide.

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24
Q

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

A

Wound healing

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25
Density-Dependent Inhibition
Crowded cells stop dividing; cancer cells exhibit no density-dependent inhibition.
26
Prophase
-CHROMATIN coils and condense, visible. -Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate. - Spindles begin to form and attach to the centromeres of CHROMOSOMES.
27
Metaphase
-CHROMOSOMES line up in the center, single file.
28
Anaphase
-SISTER CHROMATIDS separate, 1 copy pulled to one end and the other.
29
Telophase
-Cell divides, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform. - Spindles disintegrate. CHROMOSOMES uncoil. -Cells with a full set of single-stranded chromosomes.
30
Gamete
Sperm or egg Contains a single set of chromosomes and is haploid (n) For humans n=23
31
How many autosomes and sex chromosomes does a human cell have?
22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.
32
Prophase I
- CHROMATIN coils and condense, and chromosomes are now visible. - Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate, - Spindles form and attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes. SYNAPSIS AND CROSSING OVER OCCUR
33
Synapsis
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
34
Crossing Over
Swapping of similar gene segments of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
35
Metaphase I
HOMOLOGOUS partners line up in the center, side by side, (independent assortment)
36
Anaphase I
HOMOLOGOUS partners separate, the maternal goes to one end and the paternal to the other end.
37
Telophase I
-Cell divides, the nucleolus and nuclear membranes reform. - Spindle disintegrates and chromosomes uncoil. - Chromosome number is reduced to half; each chromosome is still **double-stranded**, sister chromatids are attached to the centromere. -Ends with 2 haploid daughter cells.
38
Prophase II
Same as prophase I, except no synapses or crossing over.
39
Metaphase II
CHROMOSOMES line up in the middle.
40
Anaphase II
SISTER CHROMATIDS are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
41
Telophase II
Same as telophase I but with a result of 4 haploid daughter cells, *single stranded**
42
What is the reason for meiosis?
To keep the number of chromosomes constant in each generation. It reduced the number of chromosomes.
43
Gametogenesis
Formation of gametes (eggs or sperm) includes meiosis, development, and mutation.
44
First onset of spermatogenesis
Puberty
45
First onset of oogenesis
prior to birth
46
What is the end result of spermatogenesis?
one 2n parent cell = 4 n sperm cells.
47
What is the end result of oogenesis?
One 2n parent = 1 n egg cell and 2-3 polar bodies
48
Timing of spermatogenesis?
continual
49
Timing of oogenesis
pairing of homologous partners prior to birth, then freezes. Begins one per month at sexual maturity unequal divisions Meiosis I (ovulation) Meiosis II will continue if the sperm penetrates the egg.
50
Nondisjunction
The faulty separation of homologous chromosomes usually occurs during meiosis.
51
Asexual reproduction
A single individual passes genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.
52
Sexual Reproduction
Two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents.
53
What are the most common types of cancer?
Adenomas and carcinoma
54
Adenomas
Glands, such as prostate and breast
55
Carcinoma
coverings, lining (lungs)
56
Leukemia
bone marrows
57
sarcoma
connective tissue
58
Characteristics of cell cancer
Permanent transformation Abnormal cell division Failure to differentiate Immortal (not all) Metastasis
59
Ames Testing
Expose salmonella bacteria to the suspected agent; if the mutation rate increases, probably a carcinogen.
60
Gardasil
cervical cancer vaccines that help protect against 6 types of HPV
61
What kinds of cancers can herpesviruses cause
burkitt's lymphoma nasopharyngeal cancer
62
Oncogenes
cancer-causing genes
63
Proto-oncogenes
"turned off" oncogenes
64
Tumor suppressor genes
Help prevent cell growth - Mutations that decrease the protein product of tumor-suppressor genes may contribute to cancer.
65
What do tumor suppressor proteins do?
Repair damaged DNA Control cell adhesion Inhibit the cell cycle in the cell-signaling pathway.
66
p53
A protein that acts as a transcription factor for the p21 gene, which halts the cell cycle, activates repair proteins, and activates cell suicide if damage cannot be repaired.
67
What are some treatments for cancer?
Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy
68
Angiostatin, endostatin and thalidomide
Prevent blood vessel growth to tumor
69
What is the number 1 fatal cancer?
lung
70
What did carrel believe about cells?
That they divide indefinitely (he was wrong)
71
What did hayflick belive?
That cells divide an average of 50x, cease and die.
72
Telomeres
Tips of chromosomes, every time DNA is replicated, they get shorter and shorter. protect
73
Werner's Syndrome
A genetic disease that involves the acceleration of most symptoms of aging. die at 50
74
What are some other evidence of programmed cell death
Werners syndrome menopause decrease in hormones An increase in cortisol damages hypothalamic receptors
75
Collagen cross bridges or Cross-linking in collagen
Causes damage, is brittle, and has little elasticity in collagen fibers
76
Oxidation by free radicals (superoxide)
Oxygen combines with other compounds to form molecules that can damage cellular structure and cause mutation.
77
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
molecules containing oxygen that are highly reactive and can damage cells.
78
Antioxidants
substances that neutralize or prevent the harmful effects of ROS
79
Protective enzymes
catalase and superoxide dismutase
80
Glycosylation
Glucose accumulation can damage the cells.
81
Options to increase longevity?
Healthful living, hormones, low cal intake, gene, manipulation.

Biology-151 2025 (11 decks)

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