Exam 2: Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What do organic compounds contain in their molecular structure?
Carbon and hydrogen
What are the 6 elements that account for most of the structure of living organisms?
CHONPS
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate, and sulfur
Trace Elements
Sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) , copper (Cu), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Chloride (Cl)
What is the importance of carbon?
Carbon has 4 valance electrons that can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other atoms. Diversity.
What are isomers? Examples?
They have the same molecular formula but a different structure.
examples: glucose, fructose and galactose.
Dehydration Synthesis
Bonding of 2 smaller molecules together to form a larger molecule by the removal or one water molecule.
Hydrolysis
Breaking bonds of larger molecules to form smaller molecules by the addition of water molecules to the bonds.
Hydrocarbons
Simplest organic, carbon and hydrogen ONLY.
What are the elements in carbohydrates?
CHO
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
C:H2:O
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Primary energy molecules; short-term energy storage; structure.
What is the building block or monomer of a carbohydrate?
Monosaccharides
What are some examples of monosaccharides?
Ribose and deoxyribose
glucose
Fructose
**galactose
Glucose
chief end product of photosynthesis, chief energy nutrient (ATP)
Fructose
Found in honey and fruit
Galactose
Digestive product
What is the molecular formula for glucose, fructose and galactose and what makes them different?
C6H12O6, all three have the same molecular formula but a different structure.
What are some examples of disaccharides?
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
Sucrose
(table sugar) transports the sugars of plants
Where is the enzyme lactase prroduced?
In an animals small intestine
What are some examples of polysaccharides?
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch
Chief energy storage compound of plants
Glycogen
Chief energy storage compound of animals, stored in the muscles and the liver.
Cellulose
Plant cell walls, generally not digestible, ruminants have symbiotic bacteria. Packs feces; dietary fiber.
Insoluble Fiber
Cellulose
May protect against colon/rectal cancer.
Sources: cauliflower, green beans
Soluble Fiber
Broken down by bacteria in the colon, may protect against heart disease.
Sources: Sweet potatoes, onion, oats, barley, fruits, broccoli, and carrots.
Chitin
Fungi cell walls; insect exoskeletons
What elements make up lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Are lips soluble/insoluble, polar/non-polar, and hydrophilic/hydrophobic?
Insoluble in water
Mostly non-polar
Hydrophobic
What are the building blocks for lipids?
Triglycerides
Glycerol and three fatty acids
Saturated Fats
- No carbon double bonds
*Saturated with hydrogen
*Straight chains
*Packed tightly
*Solid at room temp.
Example: animal fats
Unsaturated fats
*Has carbon double bonds
*Bent chains
*Packed loosely
*liquid at room temperature
Example: vegetable oils
Trans Fat
Hydrogenated vegetable oils
Atherosclerosis
Cholesterol and fat deposition in arteries leading to reduced blood flow; heart attack and cerebral vascular accidents (stroke)
Examples of lipids
Adipose tissue
Phospholipids
Waxes
Steroids
Phospholipid bilayer
A more complicated structure where two layers form. Hydrophilic heads point outward and hydrophobic tails point inward toward each other.
How does soap word?
Soap forms micelles in water, oils from dirty clothes and hands dissolve in the micelle and are then washed away.
Where is vitamin D produced?
It is produced in the skin. The skin needs sunlight to produce.
What elements make up proteins?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
What are the functions of proteins?
Functions as enzymes, transport or materials into and out of the cells and structure.
What is the building block of proteins?
Amino acids
What consists in the structure of an amino acid?
Central carbon atom, amino group, carboxyl, single hydrogen, and a variable R group (functional)
How are amino acids joint ?
Dehydration synthesis
What are some diseases that result from improper folding or proteins?
Sickle cell anemia, Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, and even some cancers.
What are two category shapes of proteins?
Fibrous- keratin, collagen
Globular- hemoglobin, enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Enzymes
Catalyst
Enzymes are specific as to what chemical reactions they catalyze.
What causes denaturation of proteins?
Extreme temperatures, pH and radiation
What elements make up nucleic acids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphate
What is the building block of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides (phosphate group, five-carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base)
What are some examples of Nucleic acids?
ATP, NAD, FAD and DNA and RNA
What are functional groups?
Specific groups of atoms in the structure of organic compounds determine the reaction of those molecules.
Reactivity
It can be modified by neighboring functional groups.
Benedict Reagent
Identifies simple sugars
Positive result- reagent changes from blue to different color.
Requires HEAT for the results to take place.
Iodine Test
Tests for starch
Positive results- iodine changes from yellowish brown liquid to blue or black.
Biuret Test
Tests for proteins
Positive Result- occurs anytime the reagent changes from blue to a pink or purple color.
Suddan III
tests for fats/lipids
Positive Results- the intensity of staining (orange color) indicates the presence of fats/lipids.
This is done on a filtered paper disc
