Exam 2: Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What do organic compounds contain in their molecular structure?

Answer 1

Carbon and hydrogen

Question 2

What are the 6 elements that account for most of the structure of living organisms?

Answer 2

CHONPS
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate, and sulfur

Question 3

Trace Elements

Answer 3

Sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) , copper (Cu), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Chloride (Cl)

Question 4

What is the importance of carbon?

Answer 4

Carbon has 4 valance electrons that can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other atoms. Diversity.

Question 5

What are isomers? Examples?

Answer 5

They have the same molecular formula but a different structure.
examples: glucose, fructose and galactose.

Question 6

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 6

Bonding of 2 smaller molecules together to form a larger molecule by the removal or one water molecule.

Question 7

Hydrolysis

Answer 7

Breaking bonds of larger molecules to form smaller molecules by the addition of water molecules to the bonds.

Question 8

Hydrocarbons

Answer 8

Simplest organic, carbon and hydrogen ONLY.

Question 9

What are the elements in carbohydrates?

Answer 9

CHO
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
C:H2:O

Question 10

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Answer 10

Primary energy molecules; short-term energy storage; structure.

Question 11

What is the building block or monomer of a carbohydrate?

Answer 11

Monosaccharides

Question 12

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 12

Ribose and deoxyribose
glucose
Fructose
**galactose

Question 13

Glucose

Answer 13

chief end product of photosynthesis, chief energy nutrient (ATP)

Question 14

Fructose

Answer 14

Found in honey and fruit

Question 15

Galactose

Answer 15

Digestive product

Question 16

What is the molecular formula for glucose, fructose and galactose and what makes them different?

Answer 16

C6H12O6, all three have the same molecular formula but a different structure.

Question 17

What are some examples of disaccharides?

Answer 17

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 18

Sucrose

Answer 18

(table sugar) transports the sugars of plants

Question 19

Where is the enzyme lactase prroduced?

Answer 19

In an animals small intestine

Question 20

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 20

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

Question 21

Starch

Answer 21

Chief energy storage compound of plants

Question 22

Glycogen

Answer 22

Chief energy storage compound of animals, stored in the muscles and the liver.

Question 23

Cellulose

Answer 23

Plant cell walls, generally not digestible, ruminants have symbiotic bacteria. Packs feces; dietary fiber.

Question 24

Insoluble Fiber

Answer 24

Cellulose
May protect against colon/rectal cancer.
Sources: cauliflower, green beans

Question 25

Soluble Fiber

Answer 25

Broken down by bacteria in the colon, may protect against heart disease. Sources: Sweet potatoes, onion, oats, barley, fruits, broccoli, and carrots.

Question 26

Chitin

Answer 26

Fungi cell walls; insect exoskeletons

Question 27

What elements make up lipids?

Answer 27

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 28

Are lips soluble/insoluble, polar/non-polar, and hydrophilic/hydrophobic?

Answer 28

Insoluble in water Mostly non-polar Hydrophobic

Question 29

What are the building blocks for lipids?

Answer 29

Triglycerides Glycerol and three fatty acids

Question 30

Saturated Fats

Answer 30

* No carbon double bonds *Saturated with hydrogen *Straight chains *Packed tightly *Solid at room temp. Example: animal fats

Question 31

Unsaturated fats

Answer 31

*Has carbon double bonds *Bent chains *Packed loosely *liquid at room temperature Example: vegetable oils

Question 32

Trans Fat

Answer 32

Hydrogenated vegetable oils

Question 33

Atherosclerosis

Answer 33

Cholesterol and fat deposition in arteries leading to reduced blood flow; heart attack and cerebral vascular accidents (stroke)

Question 34

Examples of lipids

Answer 34

Adipose tissue Phospholipids Waxes Steroids

Question 35

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 35

A more complicated structure where two layers form. Hydrophilic heads point outward and hydrophobic tails point inward toward each other.

Question 36

How does soap word?

Answer 36

Soap forms micelles in water, oils from dirty clothes and hands dissolve in the micelle and are then washed away.

Question 37

Where is vitamin D produced?

Answer 37

It is produced in the skin. The skin needs sunlight to produce.

Question 38

What elements make up proteins?

Answer 38

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

Question 39

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 39

Functions as enzymes, transport or materials into and out of the cells and structure.

Question 40

What is the building block of proteins?

Answer 40

Amino acids

Question 41

What consists in the structure of an amino acid?

Answer 41

Central carbon atom, amino group, carboxyl, single hydrogen, and a variable R group (functional)

Question 42

How are amino acids joint ?

Answer 42

Dehydration synthesis

Question 43

What are some diseases that result from improper folding or proteins?

Answer 43

Sickle cell anemia, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, and even some cancers.

Question 44

What are two category shapes of proteins?

Answer 44

Fibrous- keratin, collagen Globular- hemoglobin, enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

Question 45

Enzymes

Answer 45

Catalyst Enzymes are specific as to what chemical reactions they catalyze.

Question 46

What causes denaturation of proteins?

Answer 46

Extreme temperatures, pH and radiation

Question 47

What elements make up nucleic acids?

Answer 47

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphate

Question 48

What is the building block of nucleic acids?

Answer 48

Nucleotides (phosphate group, five-carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base)

Question 49

What are some examples of Nucleic acids?

Answer 49

ATP, NAD, FAD and DNA and RNA

Question 50

What are functional groups?

Answer 50

Specific groups of atoms in the structure of organic compounds determine the reaction of those molecules.

Question 51

Reactivity

Answer 51

It can be modified by neighboring functional groups.

Question 52

Benedict Reagent

Answer 52

Identifies simple sugars Positive result- reagent changes from blue to different color. Requires HEAT for the results to take place.

Question 53

Iodine Test

Answer 53

Tests for starch Positive results- iodine changes from yellowish brown liquid to blue or black.

Question 54

Biuret Test

Answer 54

Tests for proteins Positive Result- occurs anytime the reagent changes from blue to a pink or purple color.

Question 55

Suddan III

Answer 55

tests for fats/lipids Positive Results- the intensity of staining (orange color) indicates the presence of fats/lipids. This is done on a filtered paper disc